Sustainable Energy Utility

The SEU model was a result of efforts by Dr. J. Byrne to realize a model of energy-environment-society relations which could reflect Amory Lovins’ promise of the negawatt and the philosophical tenets of Amulya K. N. Reddy's DEFENDUS.{{cite web|title=Amulya Kumar N.: Author Profile|url=http://www.epw.in/authors/amulya-kumar-n-reddy|website=Economic and Political Weekly|access-date=23 June 2014}} While working as an author with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Byrne was influenced by the philosophical framework of the discourse on political ecology and environmental justice. He and his team worked on calculating the amount of greenhouse gas emissions which eliminate climate change, leading to an energy-sustainable future. Their study concluded that a target of 3.3 tons of emissions per capita per year would be sustainable emissions. In response to this finding, Byrne's team worked on designing an energy system model that would use a commonwealth economy and community trusts to achieve this goal; the result was the SEU.{{cite journal|last1=Byrne|first1=John|last2=Wang|first2=Young-Doo|last3=Lee|first3=Hoesung|last4=Kim|first4=Jong-Dall|title=An Equity- and Sustainability-based Policy Response to Climate Change|journal=Energy Policy|date=1998|volume=26|issue=4|pages=335–343|url=http://ceep.udel.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/1998_ge_sustainability_equity_climate_change_4.pdf|doi=10.1016/s0301-4215(97)00174-2}}

The SEU aims to achieve a four-fold paradigm shift:

• from carbon-intensive energy sources to carbon free energy sources,
• from viewing energy as a commodity to viewing energy as a service provision,
• from supply oriented energy architecture to demand oriented energy architecture, and
• from a centralized energy system to a more distributed energy infrastructure.

To achieve this paradigm shift, the model is guided by three main principles: establishing civil society based energy governance, increasing reliance on savings and environmental benefits of SEU investments to build out a sustainable energy future, and continued evaluation of performance determined by environmental factors, affordability, and local economic impact.

An SEU departs from the traditional model of energy supply and expansion, as well as the traditional efficiency models for power plants and utilities. An SEU is focused on permanently lowering overall energy use and limiting supply to renewable energy sources. Rather than slowing the rate of energy market expansion or improving the efficiency of energy services, the SEU cuts energy requirements based on sustainability defined constraints; notably, the need to adhere to an annual 3.3 ton per capita emission budget for greenhouse gases released, expressed in a {{CO2}} equivalent.

An SEU functions as a 'community utility' directly accountable to the local community it serves as it seeks to deliver sustainable energy services. SEUs do not report to stockholders or utility regulators. SEUs can be organized by communities of almost any scale (towns, cities, or regions) seeking to gain independence and agency in their energy development pathway. As a community utility, the success of the SEU rests on the participation of local stakeholders, namely individuals, businesses, farms, localities, etc., and is directly answerable to these entities. The SEU itself remains independent.{{cite book|last1=Byrne|first1=John|last2=Wang|first2=Young-Doo|last3=Taminiau|first3=Job|last4=Mach|first4=Leon|title=The Promise of a Green Energy Economy|date=2014|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-1-4128-5375-0|url=http://www.transactionpub.com/title/Green-Energy-Economies-978-1-4128-5375-0.html}}

The Sustainable Energy Bond (SEB) Program was pioneered by Dr. Byrne to build a clean energy infrastructure from guaranteed savings earned by participants. The SEU uses bonds at a scale which allows a city or a region to treat conserved and renewable energy as primary sources rather than the current situation in which fossil and nuclear energy sources dominate. Historically, tax-exempt bonds were used to underwrite investments in public goods and services and, for this reason, SEBs are seen as a critical tool for SEUs to serve their communities. An SEU can be given bond issuing capacity which allows it to sell tax-exempt bonds in order to treat sustainable energy as an infrastructure scale investment.{{cite web|last1=Byrne|first1=John|last2=Hodsoll|first2=Francis|last3=Hughes|first3=Kristen|title=Shifting from the Economics of Obesity to Sustainable Energy|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2010/02/shifting-from-the-economics-of-obesity-to-sustainable-energy|website=Renewable Energy World.com|publisher=Renewable Energy World|access-date=31 July 2014}}

In 2011, the Delaware SEU issued a statewide tax exempt bond for SEUs, the first of its kind in the U.S., acquiring $72.5 million for capital investments in sustainable energy measures. Targeting about 4% of Delaware's total state owned or managed building stock, the SEU bond issue included contractual guarantees of $148 million in savings which cut energy use in participating buildings by more than 25% for 20 years. The 2011 bond issue average payback period was almost 14 years and the longest maturity was 20 years, while average performance guarantees were greater than 20 years.{{cite web|title=Energy Efficiency Revenue Bond - Series 2011: Post Pricing Commentary|url=https://imageserv.team-logic.com/mediaLibrary/191/Delaware_SEU_Series_2011_Pricing_Book_-_Redacted_1.pdf|website=Delaware Sustainable Energy Utility|publisher=Citigroup|access-date=6 June 2014}}

SEUs present a different paradigm in energy governance, and they can present unique challenges. One of the greatest challenges SEUs face is empowering communities to break away from the existing paradigm of top-down energy supply. Sometimes local initiatives have wide support at the outset, but as time passes, active participation is limited to a smaller core group. Adding to this situation is the problem of limited resources at the local level, making it challenging for the SEU movement to institutionalize and maintain momentum.{{cite journal|last1=Seyfang|first1=G|last2=Haxeltine|first2=A|title=Growing grassroots innovations: exploring the role of community-based initiatives in governing sustainable energy transitions|journal=Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy|date=2012|volume=30|issue=3|pages=381–400|doi=10.1068/c10222|doi-access=free|url=https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/39207/1/Environ._Plann._C_2012_Seyfang.pdf}}{{cite journal|last1=Van der Schoor|first1=T|last2=Scholtens|first2=B|title=Power to the people: local community initiatives and the transition to sustainable energy.|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|date=2015|volume=43|pages=666–675|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.089|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/42340505/Power_to_the_people_submitted_version.pdf}}

Another area of concern is solvency: financial sustainability of the initiative is vital to its long-term success,{{cite journal|last1=Reinsberger|first1=Kathrin|last2=Brudermann|first2=Thomas|last3=Hatzl|first3=Stefanie|last4=Fleiß|first4=Eva|last5=Posch|first5=Alfred|title=Photovoltaic diffusion from the bottom up: analytical investigation of critical factors|journal=Applied Energy|date=2015|volume=159|pages=178–187|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.117}} and the appropriation and allocation of funding can determine the longevity of the SEU itself. Depending on its organizational structure and funding source, the SEU can encounter problems when some of its dedicated funds are re-allocated to fill general obligation gaps in, for instance, the state budget.{{cite journal|last1=Nadel|first1=S|title=Utility Energy Efficiency Programs: Lessons from the Past, Opportunities for the Future|journal=Energy Efficiency: Towards the End of Demand Growth|date=2013|volume=5|issue=4|page=74}} An example of a sustainable energy focused organization encountering such a difficulty is the New Jersey Clean Energy Program, a third-party demand-side management administrator operating in New Jersey.{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Tom|title=Repeated Raids on Clean Energy Fund Sets Back State's Back Energy-Efficiency Efforts|url=http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/13/04/23/repeated-raids-on-clean-energy-fund-sets-back-state-s-energy-efficiency-efforts/|access-date=October 29, 2015|agency=NJ Spotlight|date=April 24, 2013}} Sustaining a long-term program that seeks to implement transformative change further can encounter difficulties when operated in parallel with shorter-term projects.{{cite web|url=http://ceep.udel.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2014_es_comparing_SEOs_SEU-Research-Group.pdf|title=Sustainable Energy Organizations: A Comparative Study of Administration, Business Models and Governance Approaches Among Leading U.S. SEOs|last1=Saul|first1=Kathleen M.|last2=Taminiau|first2=Job|publisher=Center for Energy and Environmental Policy|access-date=October 29, 2015|last3=Hasan|first3=Asifa|last4=Zhu|first4=Chun|last5=Li|first5=Junli|last6=Utturkar|first6=Mayuri|last7=Byrne|first7=John}} For example, shorter-term projects can capitalize on "low-hanging fruit" with quick returns, limiting funding allocation to multi-year projects. Support from local government and the possibility of collaborating with other available government programs can substantially increase success.

Practical operation of SEU models encountered some of these challenges. For instance, in 2016, after an investigation into one of the Delaware SEU projects, the Delaware State Auditor issued a report indicating several problems with the Delaware SEU 2011 bond program.{{Cite web| url=https://auditor.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2017/01/SEU-Inspection-Report.pdf | title=Inspection Report | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014161827/https://auditor.delaware.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/40/2017/01/SEU-Inspection-Report.pdf | archive-date=2022-10-14}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/delaware-auditor-criticizes-energy-efficiency-program-as-inadequate/412200/ | title=Delaware auditor criticizes energy efficiency program as 'inadequate'}} A former Delaware State Senator published an opinion piece on Delaware Online in support of the State Auditor report.{{Cite web | url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/contributors/2016/06/15/misconceptions-sustainable-energy-utility-plan/85937410/ | title=Misconceptions about the Sustainable Energy Utility plan }} A presiding Senator, a member of the Delaware SEU's oversight board, disagreed with the findings of the Auditor, calling them "mystifying".{{Cite news|url=https://www.utilitydive.com/news/delaware-auditor-criticizes-energy-efficiency-program-as-inadequate/412200/|title=Delaware auditor criticizes energy efficiency program as 'inadequate'|work=Utility Dive|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en-US}} Delaware SEU Executive Director defended the program by arguing that the State Auditor did not counsel with experts in the field of energy engineering and, as such, misrepresented the actual workings of the program.{{Cite news|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2016/01/12/auditor-calls-state-energy-efficiency-program-inadequate/78649672/|title=Auditor calls state energy efficiency program 'inadequate'|work=delawareonline|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en}} The Delaware Office of Management and Budget similarly questioned the validity of the Auditor's report. In 2018, the Delaware SEU was named Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2018 Energy STAR Partner of the Year {{Cite news|url=https://depsc.delaware.gov/2018/05/10/congratulations-delaware-sustainable-energy-utility-seu-named-epa-energy-star-partner-year/|title=Congratulations to the Delaware Sustainable Energy Utility (SEU) for being named the EPA ENERGY STAR Partner of the Year - Delaware Public Service Commission (PSC) - State of Delaware|date=2018-05-10|work=Delaware Public Service Commission (PSC) - State of Delaware|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US}} and received the EPA Energy STAR Excellence Award.{{Cite web|url=https://www.energystar.gov/about/content/delaware_sustainable_energy_utility|title=Delaware Sustainable Energy Utility {{!}} About ENERGY STAR {{!}} ENERGY STAR|website=www.energystar.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}} The Delaware SEU has Standards for Excellence accreditation by the Standards for Excellence Institute for its ethics, accountability, and transparency.{{Cite news|url=https://standardsforexcellence.org/Press/Delaware-Sustainable-Energy-Utility-Recognized-by-the-Standards-for-Excellence-Institute-1|title=Delaware Sustainable Energy Utility Recognized by the Standards for Excellence Institute|work=Standards for Excellence Institute|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US}} Early evaluation of the 2011 bond program shows first-year savings exceeded the 25% savings guarantee by 3%.Chu, Bruner, & Byrne (2015). DESEU Energy Efficiency Revenue Bonds Series 2011. Project Savings Analysis. Document available at: https://evogov.s3.amazonaws.com/media/50/media/17699.pdf The Delaware SEU is registered as a non-profit, tax-exempt 501 (c)(3) entity. The Delaware SEU is operating and planning new rounds of the bond program.{{Cite web|url=https://www.energizedelaware.org/2016-performance-contracting-bond-issue|title=Energize Delaware - 2016 Performance Contracting Bond Issue - Government & Non-Profit Programs|last=EvoGov.com|website=www.energizedelaware.org|access-date=2018-11-27}}

SEUs currently in practice in the U.S. are the Delaware SEU., the Washington D.C. SEU, the SCEF Program by the Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA) in California, California's Sustainable Energy Bond Program by CSCDA and FREE and the Pennsylvania Sustainable Energy Finance program (PennSEF) by the Pennsylvania Treasury and FREE. International application of the SEU model is being investigated by the City of Seoul (South Korea){{cite web|url=http://env.seoul.go.kr/archives/34476|title=2013 Seoul International Energy Conference|website=Seoul City Archives|publisher=Seoul City|access-date=6 June 2014|date=2013-11-28}}{{cite web|url=http://www.arirang.co.kr/Player/TV_Vod.asp?HL=H&code=VOD&vSeq=74718|title=Seoul International Energy Advisory Council|website=Arirang - Asia's Heartbeat}} and the City of Thane (India).{{cite book|url=http://gradworks.umi.com/35/98/3598651.html|title=Urban renewablization in India through public-public partnerships: A feasibility study of applying the "sustainable energy utility" model to the city of Thane|last1=Gopal|first1=Sanjay Mangala|date=2013|publisher=University of Delaware}}

Development of the Delaware SEU began in 2006. The Delaware General Assembly convened a bipartisan task force to research and recommend a course for sustainable energy in Delaware. The 2007 report published by the task force ("The Sustainable Energy Utility: a Delaware First") introduced the SEU as an approach that would move away from utility administered efficiency and renewables to an independent management system. Passage of the State Senate Bill 18 in 2007 created the Delaware SEU.{{Cite web|url=https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail/17633|title=Bill Detail - Delaware General Assembly|last=Legislature|first=Delaware|website=legis.delaware.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-27}}

In 2007, the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy (University of Delaware) contributed to the design of the DC SEU by providing "technical support in analyzing options for effectively administering and implementing energy efficiency/conservation programs in the District of Columbia" and publishing a report detailing the findings.{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324123517|title=Sustainable Energy Utility Design: Options for the District of Columbia|last1=Byrne|first1=John|last2=Kurdgelashvili|first2=Lado|last3=Partyka|first3=Eric|last4=Rickerson|first4=Wilson|date=2007-10-15|doi=10.13140/rg.2.2.19425.20328}}^{(see end of report for contract details)} The Clean and Affordable Energy Act of 2008 (D.C. Code §8-1773.01 et seq.) created the DC SEU as a private entity tasked to "administer sustainable energy programs in the District, including the development, coordination, and provision of programs for the purpose of promoting the sustainable use of energy in the District".{{Cite web|url=https://doee.dc.gov/service/dcseu-contract|title=DCSEU Contract {{!}} ddoe|website=doee.dc.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-27}} The DC SEU management contract was awarded by the DC Council to Vermont Energy Investment Corporation (VEIC) in March 2011.{{cite web| url = https://www.energy.gov/savings/sustainable-energy-trust-fund| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425160153/http://energy.gov/savings/sustainable-energy-trust-fund| archive-date = 2016-04-25| title = Sustainable Energy Trust Fund {{!}} Department of Energy}}{{Cite web | url=http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/detail/108 | title=DSIRE }}

In 2012, the Sonoma County Water Agency launched the Sonoma County Efficiency Financing (SCEF) program following the SEU model. The SCEF program offered participating organizations a contractual dollar savings guarantee. The SCEF program intends to use tax-exempt bonds to finance the projects.{{Cite web|url=http://www.appliedsolutions.org/site/298/Administration/Pages/Clean-Economy-Project-Pages/Sonoma-County-SEU-CA|title=Sonoma County Sustainable Energy Utility}} In 2013, no-cost preliminary audits were conducted for nine organizations that expressed interest.{{Cite web|url=http://www.appliedsolutions.org/site/381/Administration/Pages/Clean-Economy-Project-Pages/Sonoma-County-SEU-Study-CA|title=Sonoma County, CA|website=Applied Solutions}} To date, no efficiency retrofit project contracts have been executed under this program. Applied Solutions, a partner organization of the program, notes that this is due "to participants' hesitancy to move forward based on unfamiliarity with the program approach and competing funding mechanisms that offer grant (not just loan) funding such as Proposition 39 - the California Clean Energy Jobs Act."

In 2014, the California Statewide Communities Development Authority (CSCDA) and FREE partnered to provide public agencies throughout California with access to tax exempt financing for sustainable energy investments.CSCDA, 2014. Brochure by CSCDA outlining the planned program. Document available at:http://cscda.org/other/Documents/2014_SEBP_brochure.aspx{{Cite news|url=https://www.westerncity.com/article/new-approach-financing-energy-efficiency|title=A New Approach to Financing Energy Efficiency - Western City Magazine|work=Western City Magazine|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en}} The project was recommended to the members of the California League of Cities {{Cite web|url=https://www.cacities.org/Top/News/News-Articles/2014/March/Sustainable-Energy-Bond-Program-Helps-Cities-Reduc|title=Sustainable Energy Bond Program Helps Cities Reduce Energy and Water Costs without Upfront Capital|date=2014|website=League of California Cities}} and the California State Association of Counties.{{Cite news|url=http://www.counties.org/csac-bulletin-article/cscda-offers-sustainable-energy-bond-program|title=CSCDA Offers Sustainable Energy Bond Program - California State Association of Counties|work=California State Association of Counties|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en}}

Created in 2014, the Pennsylvania Sustainable Energy Finance Program (PennSEF) is a partnership between the Pennsylvania Treasury Department and FREE with financial start-up support from the West Penn Power Sustainable Energy Fund. In 2017, PennSEF organized its first financing pool, called the Regional Streetlight Procurement Project (RSLPP) and brought to PennSEF by the Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC). The pool brings together 35 municipalities around the city of Philadelphia in order to replace and retrofit 28,000 exterior lights, street lights, and traffic signals. The project guarantees gross energy savings of $30.6 million and, after deduction of all costs, deliver $15.6 million in net savings.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvrpc.org/RSLPP/|title=DVRPC > Energy and Climate Change > Energy-Efficient Traffic Signals and Streetlights > RSLPP|publisher=Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission|language=en|access-date=2018-11-27}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.larson.psu.edu/assets/docs/TESC-presentations/6C-shining-some-light/Shining-Light-on-Great-Investments-Taxpayer-Dollars.pdf|title=Regional Streetlight Procurement Program|last=Compitello|first=Liz|date=2017}}{{Cite news|url=http://freefutures.org/announcement/pennsef-pioneers-clean-energy-financing-for-35-municipalities/|title=PennSEF Pioneers Clean Energy Financing for 35 Municipalities|date=2017-05-18|work=FREE|access-date=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}

The mayor of Seoul, South Korea, Park Won-soon, launched a citizens’ campaign in April 2012 to reduce city's greenhouse emissions 25% by 2020 and 40% by 2030. The city has embarked on a One Less Nuclear Power Plant (OLNPP) strategy to realize these goals. The city cut its emissions by 11.9% in two years and was designated as the Global Earth Hour Capital 2015. The Seoul Metropolitan Government signed a memorandum of understanding with FREE on June 16, 2015, where both parties pledged to cooperate to design climate-sensitive, sustainable, and equitable energy policies for Seoul using the SEU model.{{cite web|url=http://freefutures.org/announcement/free-advises-seoul/|title=FREE advises Seoul|last1=Foundation of Renewable Energy and Environment|website=Foundation of Renewable Energy and Environment| date=9 July 2015 |access-date=10 August 2015}} Following the advice of a Seoul International Energy Advisory Committee (SIEAC), Seoul established a Seoul Energy Corporation in December 2016.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ieac.info/Seoul-Energy-Corporation-SEC|title=IEAC - International Energy Advisory Council|website=www.ieac.info|language=en|access-date=2018-11-27}}

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Category:Energy conservation