Sustainable livelihood
{{Short description|Development concept}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{cleanup|date=December 2019|reason=A couple of references are clearly still in progress and need to be finished. Lead paragraph is very dense and technical and doesn't give a good introduction to a reader unfamiliar with the terminology.}}
{{Climate change and society|all}}
Sustainable Livelihood emerges at the intersection of development and environmental studies to offer a new way to think about work, production and distribution. Specifically, the work of vulnerable populations (e.g., low income population living in the bottom of the pyramid, indigenous communities, etc.) are discussed in this concept to build a sustainable future where inequality is eliminated in households.{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1007700690 |title=Work, institutions and sustainable livelihood : issues and challenges of transformation |date=2017 |first1=Virginius | last1=Xaxa | first2=Debdulal | last2=Saha | first3=Rajdeep | last3=Singha |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5756-4 |oclc=1007700690}} The term reflects a concern with extending the focus of poverty studies beyond the physical manifestations of poverty to include also vulnerability and social exclusion.
The term sustainable refers to an individual's ability to provide for themselves in a viably long manner. "Sustainability" also refers to the ability to undergo external shocks or stresses and recover from such traumas by maintaining or improving one's livelihood.{{cite book|title=The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. In: Knowledge Solutions|last1=Serrat|first1=Olivier|date=23 May 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-0983-9|location=Singapore|pages=21–26}} The sustainable livelihood framework provides a structure for holistic poverty alleviation action.Holland, Jeremy and James Blackburn. Whose Voice? Participatory Research and Policy Change. IT Publications, London, 1998. The sustainable livelihood approach focuses on finding resolutions to the problems of vulnerable communities by creating human-centered, participatory, and dynamic development opportunities. It is a bridge connecting the environment and humans to live in harmony.Serrat O. (2017) The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach. In: Knowledge Solutions. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_5 One example of an activity that aims for enhancing sustainable livelihood is the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) proposed by the United Nations. All of their 17 goals for 2030 are the aimings that the world needs to be achieved to ensure that "no one is left behind" and a sustainable world.{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=What the SDGs Mean |url=https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/what-sdgs-mean |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=United Nations |language=en}} However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all 17 goals are experiencing significant delay and need to be tackled in a collaborative way beyond the flame of the goals.{{Cite web |title=— SDG Indicators |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=unstats.un.org}} {{POV|reason=The statement attributing the delay of the SDGs solely due to the COVID-19 pandemic is refutable and based on a source (SDG report) that has an inherent interest in not portraying other factors|date=December 2024}}
History
The term Sustainable Livelihood was first proposed in a rural context,WCED 1987a: 2-5 (source from IDS Disc paper 296) and was later amended by the Brundtland Commission. Authors Gibson-Graham, Cameron, and Healy highlight the measure of well-being and how an individual's well-being contributes to their ability to survive well."Take Back Work." Take Back the Economy: an Ethical Guide for Transforming Our Communities, by J. K. Gibson-Graham et al., University of Minnesota Press, 2013.
=Brundtland commission=
The sustainable livelihoods idea was first introduced by the Brundtland Commission on Environment and Development, and the 1992 United Nation's Conference on Environment and Development expanded the concept, advocating for the achievement of sustainable livelihoods as a broad goal for poverty eradication.
In 1992 Robert Chambers and Gordon ConwayWCED 1987a: 2-5 are (source from IDS Disc paper 296) proposed the following composite definition of a sustainable rural livelihood, which is applied most commonly at the household level: "A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living: a livelihood is sustainable which can cope with and recover from stress and shocks, maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term."{{Cite web | url=http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her131/knutsson.pdf | title=The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach: A Framework for Knowledge Integration Assessment | website=www.humanecologyreview.org}}{{better source needed|date=December 2021}}
Development of concept
Stemming from theory regarding sustainable development, a sustainable livelihood approach incorporates the collective concerns for environmental and economic resources and individual focus.missing source - look at SD page
= Individual well-being =
In an analysis of various 24 hour clocks, Gibson-Graham et al. synthesize five categories for overall well-being: Material, Occupational, Social, Community, and Physical.Take back the Economy, Ch: Take Back Work, page 21-22 Holistic interventions prove to be challenging to measure, furthermore, quantitative data on qualitative phenomena (such as well-being) is similarly challenging to record.{{Cite journal|last1=Tao|first1=Teresa C. H.|last2=Wall|first2=Geoffrey|date=2009-06-01|title=A Livelihood Approach to Sustainability|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660902847187|journal=Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research|volume=14|issue=2|pages=137–152|doi=10.1080/10941660902847187|s2cid=154135332 |issn=1094-1665}}
Models for a sustainable livelihood approach
= SDGs =
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the goals for creating a sustainable world aiming for 2030 by tackling various issues, including poverty. In 2015, this action was adopted by the United Nations and started. For every 17 goals, there are specific goals under the primary goal, and they are approached comprehensively on national, community, and individual scales.{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Development Goals {{!}} United Nations Development Programme |url=https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=UNDP |language=en}} The United Nations issues a progress report annually indicating the progress of each SDG.
= SCDF =
The acronym stands for The Smart Community Development Framework and aims to find the problems of vulnerable communities in order to propose resolutions to establish sustainable livelihoods. The primary purpose is to identify each community's needs and determine a society-specific solution to eliminate the vulnerability of that community, especially poverty. The framework focuses on empowering communities to make their own decisions about the problems by creating an environment where issues would be solved permanently since the people in that environment actively participate in overcoming the challenges.{{Cite journal |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Lucas F.V. |last2=McMartin |first2=Dena W. |date=2019-02-23 |title=A methodological framework for sustainable development with vulnerable communities |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2018.1532629 |journal=African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=133–139 |doi=10.1080/20421338.2018.1532629 |s2cid=169300837 |issn=2042-1338}}
=UNDP=
The United Nations Development Programme utilizes a sustainable livelihood approach to development through the evaluation of different types of capital.{{Cite web|url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rblac/docs/Research%20and%20Publications/Poverty%20Reduction/UNDP_RBLAC_Livelihoods%20Guidance%20Note_EN-210July2017.pdf|title=Guidance Note|website=undp.org|access-date=20 December 2019}} The UNDP identifies five key types of capital: human, social, natural, physical, and financial. The access individuals have to these assets determines how the UNDP designs initiatives to directly or indirectly facilitate development. The UNDP also uses an asset based approach to poverty alleviation, examining how individuals leverage assets and cope with external sources of shock or stress.{{Cite journal|last=Krantz|first=Lasse|date=February 2001|title=The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction|journal=Sida}}
=CARE=
CARE (Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere) focuses on emergency relief administration and long-term development programs.{{Cite web|url=https://www.care.org/care-humanitarian-home|title=CARE Humanitarian {{!}} Home|last=careadmin|date=2013-08-29|website=CARE|language=en|access-date=2019-12-20}} In 1994, CARE developed a Household Livelihood Security framework to better monitor, evaluate, and track the work they conduct. CARE's application of a sustainable livelihood framework moves away from a sectorial approach and focuses on holistic development techniques.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldis.org/document/A40253|title=Application of CARE's Livelihoods Approach {{!}} Eldis|website=www.eldis.org|access-date=2019-12-20}}
=DFID=
The Department for International Development is the United Kingdom's department dedicated to eradicating extreme poverty and administering foreign aid.{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-international-development/about|title=About us|website=GOV.UK|language=en|access-date=2019-12-20}} The DFID leverages a sustainable livelihoods framework to focus holistically on activities directly related to improving an individual's livelihood. Human-centered, multi-leveled, sustainable, and dynamic initiatives are all incorporated into the DFID's measures.{{Cite web|url=http://www.glopp.ch/B7/en/multimedia/B7_1_pdf2.pdf|title=DFID's Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and its Framework|website=GLOPP|access-date=20 December 2019}}