Login
Login

Swarm Technologies#Satellite constellation

{{Short description|US telecommunications company}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox company

| name = Swarm Technologies, Inc.

| logo = Swarm Technologies Logo.png

| type = Subsidiary

| parent = SpaceX

| founded = {{Start date and age|2016}}

| founders = Sara Spangelo (CEO)
Ben Longmier{{cite web |url=https://swarm.space/our-story/ |title=Our story |work=Swarm Technologies |access-date=18 July 2021}}

| hq_location = Palo Alto, California, U.S.

| industry = Telecommunications

| num_employees = 30 (2021)

| homepage = {{URL|http://www.swarm.space/}}

}}

Swarm Technologies, Inc. is a company building a low Earth orbit satellite constellation for communications with Internet of Things (IoT) devices using a store and forward design. Social Capital partners Jay Zaveri and Arjun Sethi incubated and seed funded Swarm, Craft Ventures was an early investor. On 16 July 2021, Swarm agreed to become a wholly owned subsidiary of SpaceX.{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/spacex-to-acquire-swarm-technologies/ |title=SpaceX to acquire Swarm Technologies |work=SpaceNews |date=9 August 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021}}

In-Q-Tel, the venture capital arm of the CIA, lists Swarm Technologies as one of their startups.In-Q-Tel website. [https://www.iqt.org/portfolio/ In-Q-Tel — Portfolio.]

They have a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licence for low bandwidth communications satellites in low Earth orbit.{{cite web |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/17/swarm-gets-green-light-from-fcc-for-its-150-satellite-constellation/ |title=Swarm gets green light from FCC for its 150-satellite constellation |work=TechCrunch |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=9 August 2021}}

In 2018, Swarm became the first U.S. company found to have deployed satellites without regulatory approval after an FCC investigation into the startup's launch of its first four picosatellites on an Indian PSLV rocket in January of that year.{{cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/4/17928452/swarm-technologies-spacebees-satellites-spacex-falcon-9-fcc-license |title=Company that launched satellites without permission gets new license to launch more probes |work=The Verge |date=4 October 2018 |access-date=8 August 2021}}

In 2019, Swarm raised $25 million in a Series A funding round led by EarthLink founder Sky Dayton and PayPal co-founder David Sacks.{{cite web |last=Pressman |first=Aaron |title=Exclusive: Satellite Startup Swarm Raises $25 Million For Space-Based Internet Plan |website=Fortune |date=2019-01-24 |url=https://fortune.com/2019/01/24/exclusive-satellite-startup-swarm-raises-25-million-space-internet/ |access-date=2025-05-07}}

The Swarm Tile is its dedicated two-way satellite data modem designed to be low energy and embedded on the PCB of third-party products. Other products include a data plan and a development kit.{{cite web |url=https://swarm.space/products/ |title=Products |work=Swarm Technologies |access-date=9 August 2021}}

In July 2023, the company stopped new device sales.

In March 2025, the service was stopped. The company's URL (swarm.space) now forwards to SpaceX' direct to device infopage.{{cite web |title=Death of a Satellite Swarm |url=https://www.hackster.io/news/death-of-a-satellite-swarm-b5f6d52a1825 |website=Hackster.io |access-date=11 June 2025}}

History

Swarm Technologies was founded in 2016 by Sara Spangelo and Benjamin Longmier, former employees of Google and Apple, respectively.Michael Sheetz: [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/09/swarm-technologies-slammed-by-fcc-for-unauthorized-satellite-launch.html Former Google engineer's start-up slammed by FCC for unauthorized satellite launch]. CNBC, 9 March 2018.

The company became widely known in industry circles after launching its first four test satellites illegally in 2018. The responsible US regulatory authority, FCC, had refused the license for the start-up because they feared that the satellites could be too small to be recognized by the space surveillance systems. They could become particularly dangerous, turning into "invisible" space debris. Despite this, the satellites, and around 30 other payloads were launched on an Indian PSLV rocket. The FCC imposed a $900,000 fine for this.[https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/900-000-Dollar-Strafe-fuer-nicht-genehmigte-Satelliten-4257856.html 900.000 Dollar Strafe für nicht genehmigte Satelliten]. Heise Online, 21 December 2018. The housing of the next test satellites was then enlarged. Together with correspondingly enlarged radar reflectors and a GPS-based position transmitter, the increased traceability permitted licensing to be achieved.[https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/17/swarm-gets-green-light-from-fcc-for-its-150-satellite-constellation/ Swarm gets green light from FCC for its 150-satellite constellation]. Techcrunch, 2 October 2018.[https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/spacebee-5.htm SpaceBEE 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] auf Gunter's Space Page, retrieved 2 December 2020.[https://licensing.fcc.gov/myibfs/download.do?attachment_key=1592878 Trackability and Detectability of the SpaceBEE Satellites]. LeoLabs, 26 October 2018. (PDF)

The construction of the actual constellation began with the launch of twelve third-generation SpaceBEEs on September 3, 2020, on a European Vega rocket. After an additional 48 SpaceBEE satellites were launched by the end of January 2021, commercial operations of the constellation began.[https://fortune.com/2021/02/09/satellite-startup-swarm-space-based-internet-service/ Satellite startup Swarm kicks off space-based Internet service]. Fortune, 9 February 2021.

By December 2020, Swarm had launched 9 test satellites and 36 of a planned 150 low Earth orbit satellites to provide communication with IOT devices.{{cite web |last=Spangelo |first=Sara |url=https://swarm.space/swarm-launches-first-12-commercial-satellites/ |title=Swarm launches first 12 commercial satellites |work=Swarm Technologies |date=10 September 2020 |access-date=22 January 2021}}

In February 2021, Swarm announced that its commercial services were now live using 72 commercial satellites providing its global low-cost data service to customers.{{cite web |last=Spangelo |first=Sara |url=https://swarm.space/swarm-is-commercially-live/ |title=Swarm is commercially live! |work=Swarm Technologies |date=9 February 2021 |access-date=8 August 2021}}

In July 2021, SpaceX acquired Swarm for $524 million.{{cite news|last1=Maidenberg|first1=Micah|last2=Driebusch|first2=Corrie|last3=Jin|first3=Berber|title=A Rare Look Into the Finances of Elon Musk's Secretive SpaceX|date=17 August 2023|url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/behind-the-curtain-of-elon-musks-secretive-spacex-revenue-growth-and-rising-costs-2c828e2b|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230817224420/https://www.wsj.com/tech/behind-the-curtain-of-elon-musks-secretive-spacex-revenue-growth-and-rising-costs-2c828e2b|url-status=live}}

In July 2023, the company stopped new device sales.{{cite news |title=SpaceX's Swarm Technologies is halting new device sales |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/07/20/spacexs-swarm-technologies-is-halting-new-device-sales/ |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=TechCrunch}} As of November 2024, the website of the company redirects to SpaceX's upcoming direct-to-cell feature.

On 27th September 2024, existing customers were advised the following. "Based on our most recent simulations and modeling, we regret to inform you that service and support for the Swarm commercial network will cease 90 days from today, and your data service plans with Swarm will terminate as of such date."

Technology and use

The third-generation SpaceBEE satellites weigh around 400 grams and, like the first generation, have a 0.25U CubeSat format; according to the manufacturer, they are about 11 × 11 × 2.8 centimeters in size.[https://www.swarm.space/our-technology/ Our Technology], retrieved 2 December 2020. The second generation is 1U cubesats. Solar cells for the power supply are located on the top and the bottom. The antenna for communication with the ground stations is wrapped around the satellite when launched and unfolds after the release into space. The data exchange is performed in a relatively small bandwidth, on the one hand with the end devices and on the other with ground stations connected to the Internet. After the constellation is completed, at least three satellites should always be reachable from any point on earth.

Swarm Technologies in 2020 offered data transfer plans starting at $60 per year per connected device. At this price, 750 data packets of 192 bytes each can be transmitted monthly.[https://www.swarm.space/products/ Products] auf der Herstellerwebsite, retrieved 2 November 2020.

2018 controversy and fine

As a US corporation, Swarm has to follow US space regulatory procedures. In April 2017, Swarm applied for FCC permission to obtain an experimental radio service license for its initial picosatellites. The FCC rejected the application in December 2017 due to concerns about tracking because of the tiny size of the satellites (measuring 0.25U CubeSat size), but they were launched from India the following month.{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Mark |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/fcc-accuses-stealthy-startup-of-launching-rogue-satellites |title=FCC Accuses Stealthy Startup of Launching Rogue Satellites |website=IEEE Spectrum |date=9 March 2018 |access-date=8 August 2021}}{{cite web |title=DISMISSED-WITHOUT PREJUDICE |url=https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=203152 |website=Federal Communications Commission |date=12 December 2017 |access-date=8 August 2021}}

After the launch was reported, an authorized April 2018 launch of more satellites was immediately delayed when FCC permission was withdrawn. An FCC investigation found that Swarm had not only launched the four unauthorized satellites but also unlawfully transmitted signals between them and earth stations in Georgia. The investigation also discovered that Swarm had performed various other equipment tests before the launch without required FCC authorizations, including between weather balloons and ground stations.{{cite web |title=FCC Reaches $900,000 Settlement for Unauthorized Satellite Launch |url=https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-reaches-900000-settlement-unauthorized-satellite-launch |website=Federal Communications Commission |date=20 December 2018 |access-date=8 August 2021}}

Industry reaction was also highly negative, fearing disruption from uncoordinated activity and enhanced future regulation.{{cite web |last=Foust |first=Jeff |url=https://spacenews.com/industry-worried-about-regulatory-backlash-after-unauthorized-cubesat-launch/ |title=Industry worried about regulatory backlash after unauthorized cubesat launch |website=SpaceNews |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=8 August 2021}} Spaceflight Inc., which had arranged the Indian launch as a rideshare, changed its processes to check that customers have the proper licenses.{{cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/6/17654372/spacex-falcon-9-spaceflight-industries-small-satellite-rideshare |title=Later this year, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket will launch its biggest batch of satellites yet |website=The Verge |date=6 August 2018 |access-date=8 August 2021}}

The settlement required Swarm to pay a penalty of $900,000 and to follow a strict compliance plan to prevent future violations. This included submitting additional details to the FCC at least 45 days before a planned launch for the next three years.

While it was noted that the fine was relatively small, it had been increased from an initial amount agreed between the company and the FCC Enforcement Bureau. An FCC Commissioner observed that the negative publicity would probably prevent repetitions by Swarm or others.{{cite web |title=Statement of Commissioner Michael O'Rielly |url=https://docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/FCC-18-184A3.pdf |website=Federal Communications Commission |date=20 December 2018 |access-date=8 August 2021}}

Satellite constellation

  • SpaceBEE is a constellation of picosatellites, predominantly in the CubeSat 0.25U form factor, intended to reach a quantity of 150.{{cite web |last=Krebs |first=Gunter |url=https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/spacebee-10.htm |title=SpaceBEE 10, ..., 180 |work=Gunter's Space Page |date=21 July 2021 |access-date=9 August 2021}} SpaceBEE test models 5 to 9 were larger to assuage concerns about radar tracking. Swarm's website lists the satellites' mass at 400 g and size at 110 × 110 × 28 mm.
  • SpaceBEE NZ is another constellation of satellites by Swarm Technologies. As of November 2024, 22 SpaceBEE NZ satellites have been launched, and all have decayed from orbit. The last SpaceBEE NZ (SpaceBEE NZ 22) decayed from orbit 23 January 2024.

class="wikitable" width=100% style="text-align: left;"

|+SpaceBee launches

! scope="col" | Flight No.

! scope="col" | Mission

! COSPAR ID

! scope="col" | Date and time (UTC)

! scope="col" | Launch site

! scope="col" | Launch vehicle

! scope="col" | Orbit altitude

! scope="col" | Inclination

! scope="col" | Number
deployed

! scope="col" | Deorbited

! scope="col" | Outcome

scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 1

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 1–4

| rowspan="2" | 2018–004

| 12 January 2018,
03:59:00{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=SPACEBEE1|title=Display: SpaceBEE-1 NSSDCA ID: SPACEBEE1 COSPAR ID: 2018-004AH|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=23 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}

| Satish Dhawan Space Centre, FLP

| PSLV-XL

| {{cvt|520|km}}

| 97.6°

| style="text-align:center;"| 4

| style="text-align:center;"| 4

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Four experimental satellites SpaceBEE, built to the 0.25U CubeSat are to demonstrate two-way satellite communications and data relay for Swarm Technologies Inc.
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 2

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 5–7

| rowspan="2" | 2018–099

| 3 December 2018,
18:34:05{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018099BM|title=Display: SpaceBEE-5 COSPAR ID: 2018-099BM|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=23 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}

| Vandenberg, SLC-4E

| Falcon 9 B5

| {{cvt|580|km}}

| 97.8°

| style="text-align:center;"| 3

| style="text-align:center;"| 1

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Three experimental satellites SpaceBEE.
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 3

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 8–9

| rowspan="2" | 2019–037

| 29 June 2019,
04:30:00{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/displayTrajectory.action?id=2019-037C|title=Display: SpaceBEE-8|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=25 January 2021}} {{PD-notice}}

| Mahia, LC-1A

| Electron

| {{cvt|460|km}}

| 45.0°

| style="text-align:center;"| 2

| style="text-align:center;"| 2

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Two experimental satellites SpaceBEE.
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 4

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 10–21

| rowspan="2" | 2020–061

| 3 September 2020,
01:51:10{{cite web |last=McDowell |first=Jonathan |url=https://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt |title=SpaceBEE-10 2020-061AK 46305 |publisher=Jonathan's Launch Log |access-date=25 January 2021}}

| Kourou, ELV

| Vega

| {{cvt|535|km}}

| 97.5°

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Twelve commercial satellites SpaceBEE.
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 5

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 22–39
SpaceBEE NZ-1 to NZ-6

| rowspan="2" | 2020–085

| 20 November 2020,
02:20:01{{cite web |last=McDowell |first=Jonathan |url=https://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt |title=SpaceBEE-22 2020-085AA 46953 |publisher=Jonathan's Launch Log |access-date=25 January 2021}}

| Mahia, LC-1A

| Electron

| {{cvt|520|km}}

| 97.4°

| style="text-align:center;"| 24
(6 NZ)

| style="text-align:center;"| 24
(6 NZ)

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Eighteen commercial satellites SpaceBEE and 6 commercial satellites SpaceBEE NZ-1 to NZ-6.
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 6

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 40–75

| rowspan="2" | 2021–006

| 24 January 2021,
15:00:00

| CCSFS, SLC-40

| Falcon 9 B5

|

|

| style="text-align:center;"| 36

| style="text-align:center;"| 36

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Thirty-six commercial satellites SpaceBEE.
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 7

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 76–87

| rowspan="2" | 2021–015

| 28 February 2021,
04:53:00

| SDSC, FLP

| PSLV-DL

|

|

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Twelve commercial satellites SpaceBEE.{{cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Amit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isros-pslv-lifts-off-with-brazil-s-amazonia-1-from-space-centre-in-sriharikota-101614487314347.html |title=PSLV lifts off with Amazonia-1, 18 other satellites; ISRO says launch successful |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 February 2021 |access-date=28 February 2021}}
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 8

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 88–111
SpaceBEE NZ 7–10

| rowspan="2" | 2021–059

| 30 June 2021,
19:31:00

| CCSFS, SLC-40

| Falcon 9 B5

| {{cvt|523|km}}

| 97.5°

| style="text-align:center;"| 28
(4 NZ)

| style="text-align:center;"| 28
(4 NZ)

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | Twenty-four commercial satellites SpaceBEE and four commercial satellites SpaceBEE NZ.{{cite web |last=Lentz |first=Danny |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/06/spacex-f9-transporter-2-rideshare/ |title=SpaceX successfully launches Transporter 2 mission with 88 satellites |work=NASASpaceFlight |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021}}
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 9

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 112–127
SpaceBEE NZ 11–14

| rowspan="2" | 2022–026

| 15 March 2022,
16:22:00

| Kodiak, LP-3B

| Rocket 3.3

| {{cvt|525|km}}

| 97.5°

| style="text-align:center;"| 20
(4 NZ)

| style="text-align:center;"| 20
(4 NZ)

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | 16 commercial satellites SpaceBEE and 4 commercial satellites SpaceBEE NZ.{{cite news|last=Foust|first=Jeff|url=https://spacenews.com/swarm-launched-satellites-on-astra-mission/|title=Swarm launched satellites on Astra mission|work=SpaceNews|date=22 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022}}{{cite tweet |author-link=Jonathan McDowell |last=McDowell |first=Jonathan |user=planet4589 |number=1513365524889100292 |title=It's now clear that the Astra LV0009 mission launched 20 SpaceBEEs, namely SpaceBEE 112 to 127 and New Zealand flagged SpaceBEE NZ-11 to NZ-14. All but two are now ID'd by 18SPCS; no IDs yet for the SpaceBEEs launched on Transporter-4 |date=11 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2022}}
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 10

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 128–139

| rowspan="2" | 2022–033

| 1 April 2022,
16:24:16

| CCSFS, SLC-40

| Falcon 9 B5

| {{cvt|480|km}}

| 97.4°

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | 12 commercial satellites SpaceBEE.{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/04/01/forty-payloads-ride-into-orbit-on-spacex-falcon-9-rocket/ |title=Forty payloads ride into orbit on SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket |work=Spaceflight Now |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=1 April 2022}}
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 11

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 140–155
SpaceBEE NZ 15–22

| rowspan="2" | 2022–047

| 2 May 2022,
22:49:52

| Mahia, LC-1A

| Electron

| {{cvt|510|km}}

| 97.4°

| style="text-align:center;"| 24
(8 NZ)

| style="text-align:center;"| 24
(8 NZ)

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | 16 commercial satellites SpaceBEE and 8 commercial satellites SpaceBEE NZ.{{cite web |last=Iemole |first=Anthony |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/05/rocket-lab-booster-catch-attempt/ |title=Rocket Lab makes first booster catch attempt during successful There And Back Again mission |work=NASASpaceFlight |date=2 May 2022 |access-date=7 May 2022}}
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 12

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 156–167

| rowspan="2" | 2023–001

| 3 January 2023,
14:56:00

| CCSFS, SLC-40

| Falcon 9 B5

| {{cvt|520|km}}

| 97.5°

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | 12 commercial satellites SpaceBEE.{{cite web |last=Lentz |first=Danny |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/01/spacex-transporter-6/ |title=SpaceX rings in 2023 with Transporter-6 rideshare mission |work=NASASpaceFlight |date=3 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023}}
scope="row" rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"| 13

! scope="row" rowspan=2 | SpaceBEE 168–179

| rowspan="2" | 2023–084

| 12 June 2023,
21:35:00

| VSFB, SLC-4E

| Falcon 9 B5

| {{cvt|520|km}}

| 97.5°

| style="text-align:center;"| 12

| style="text-align:center;"| 11

| {{Success}}

colspan="8" | 12 commercial satellites SpaceBEE.{{cite web |last=Lentz |first=Danny |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/06/spacex-transporter-8/ |title=SpaceX Transporter-8 launches 72 payloads marking 200th booster landing |date=12 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023}}

References

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

{{reflist}}

External links

  • {{Official website|https://www.swarm.space/}}

Category:2021 mergers and acquisitions

Category:Companies based in Palo Alto, California

Category:Aerospace companies of the United States

Category:SpaceX