Swarnakumari Devi

{{Infobox person

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| name = Swarnakumari Devi

| image = Swarnakumari_Devi.jpg

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| alt = Portrait of Swarnakumari Devi

| caption = Swarnakumari Devi

| native_name = Svarṇakumārī Debī

| native_name_lang = Bengali

| pseudonym =

| birth_name = Swarnakumari Tagore

| birth_date = 1855 or 1856

| birth_place = Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India

| death_date = 1932 (age 76–77)

| death_place = Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India

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| occupation = Writer, editor, social worker

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| notable_works = Bharati (journal)
Dipnirban (novel)
Basanta Utsav (opera)
Kahake (novel)
Science essays

| spouse = {{marriage|Janakinath Ghosal|1869}}

| children = 3

| relatives = Indira Devi Chaudhurani (niece), Dwijendranath, Satyendranath, Hemendranath, Jyotirindranath, Rabindranath Tagore (siblings) +9 others

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| family = Tagore family

}}

Swarnakumari Devi (1855 or 1856 – 1932), also known as Swarnakumari Tagore, Swarnakumari Ghosal, Svarṇakumārī Debī and Srimati Svarna Kumari Devi,{{cite web |title=Svarṇakumārī Debī |url=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no99-010895/ |website=Worldcat |access-date=29 September 2022}} was an Indian Bengali writer, editor, essayist, poet, novelist, playwright, composer, and social worker.

Biography

Swarnakumari was born as the tenth child{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} to Debendranath Tagore and Sarada Devi into the Tagore family of Jorasanko, Kolkata in 1855{{cite journal |last1=Mandal |first1=Madhumati |title=Promotion of Science in Late 19th C. Bengal: Swarnakumari Devi's Contribution |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2005–2006 |volume=66 |pages=1209–1213 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145933 |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=Indian History Congress|jstor=44145933 }}{{cite web |last1=Gupta |first1=Uma Das |title=Family and Times |url=https://scotstagore.org/family-and-times/ |website=The Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies |date=5 December 2018 |access-date=30 September 2022}} or 1856. She was the elder sister of Rabindranath Tagore. Her short story Mutiny describes her experience being born just prior to the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}

Swarnakumari and her sisters did not attend school, but were tutored privately in Sanskrit and English and had the educational benefit of being raised in the Calcutta mansion that was home to the Tagore family.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} At age 13, she married Janakinath Ghosal, a deputy magistrate.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} Their children were Hiranmoyee Devi, Sir Jyotsnanath Ghosal and Sarala Devi Chaudhurani.

In 1886, she established the first women's organization in Bengal, Sakhi-Samiti, to help impoverished women.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}} She also founded the Ladies' Theosophical Society in Calcutta.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}}

She participated in sessions of the Indian National Congress in 1889 and 1890.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}} Swarnakumari and Kadambini Ganguly were the first women delegates to the Indian National Congress.

=Literary career=

Swarnakumari was a writer and editor for the literary monthly Bharati for more than 30 years, after the journal was established by her older brother Dijendranath Tagore in 1877 or 1878.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}{{cite news |last1=Kundu |first1=Ankita |title=Swarnakumari Devi: The Forgotten Author And Activist Of The Tagore Family |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2022/05/16/swarnakumari-devi-the-forgotten-author-and-activist-of-the-tagore-family/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Feminism in India |date=May 16, 2022}} Her work in Bharati is considered to be among her major achievements.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}

{{Quote box

|quote = "Some of the terms she coined include 'upachchhaya' (penambra), 'parnitaru' (fern), 'mohishnu' (sensitive), 'balakhilya' (pigmy), 'tristar' (triambic), 'biswakash' (universe), 'suryabimba' (solarspot), 'abaraha' (hypnotism)"

|source=- Madhumati Mandal, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress (2005-2006)

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Swarnakumari is the author of 25 books and a wide range of essays.{{cite book |last1=Mondal |first1=Madhumita |editor1-last=Raha |editor1-first=Bipasha |editor2-last=Chattopadhyay |editor2-first=Subhayu |title=Mapping the Path to Maturity |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351034142 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351034142-8/swarnakumari-devi-madhumita-mondal |access-date=29 September 2022 |chapter=Swarnakumari Devi: A Trend Setter in Colonial Bengal|doi=10.4324/9781351034142-8 }} 17 of her 24 essays on science were published in the journal Bharati between 1880 and 1889, and she expanded the Bengali language by creating new scientific terminology, as well as by incorporating terms created by Rajendralal Mitra, Madhusudan Gupta, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}} Her science essays were written for lay readers, to help facilitate understanding of the concepts and to help promote science education. In 1882, a collection of her science essays, titled Prithivi, was published.{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Sutapa |title=Sutapa Chaudhuri: Scientific Essays of Swarnakumari Devi |journal=Muse India |date=September 2013 |issue=51|via=EBSCOhost}}

According to Anurupa Devi, "Many women had written poems and stories before her, but these were looked upon patronizingly. She was the first writer to show up the strengths of women's writing and raise women's creations to a position of respect."{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=235}} Swarnakumari achieved contemporary popularity as a novelist, but many of her works have not been reprinted.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=235-236}}

Her novel Dipnirban (The Snuffing Out of the Light) was first published anonymously in 1870, but it was eventually understood that the author was a "young Hindu lady", according to a notice in the Hindu Patriot.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} The Calcutta Review wrote, "We have no hesitation in pronouncing this book to be by far the best that has yet been written by a Bengali lady, and we should no more hesitate to call it one of the ablest in the whole literature of Bengal."{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}} In 1879, she published what is believed to be the first Opera written in Bengali, Basanta Utsav (Spring Festival).{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}} In her poem Likhitechi (Writing, Day and Night), she expresses frustration at the challenges related to establishing her own career as a writer.{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=238}}

Swarnakumari also wrote more than three hundred songs.শিল্পকলায় ঠাকুরবাড়ির গান, ২৩ নভেম্বর ২০১৬, নিজস্ব প্রতিবেদক, প্রথম আলো।

Selected works

Novels

Dipnirban (The Snuffing Out of the Light), 1870{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}
Mibar Raj, 1877
Chinna Mukul (A Picked Flower), 1879{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}
Mālati, 1881
Hughlir Imam Badi 1887
Vidroha (Revolt), 1890{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=236}}
Snehalata ba Palita (tr. as: The Uprooted Vine), (two volumes) 1892 and 1893,{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}} Oxford University Press, 2004 {{ISBN|9780195665024}}
Phulermala (tr. as: The fatal Garland), 1894{{cite journal |last1=Hubel |first1=Teresa |title=A Mutiny of Silence: Swarnakumari Devi's Sati |journal=Ariel: A Review of International English Literature |date=2011 |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=167–190 |url=https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1137&context=englishpub |access-date=29 September 2022 |issn=0004-1327}}
Kahake (To Whom?; tr. as: The Unfinished Song), 1898,{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}} Oxford University Press, 2008 {{ISBN|9780195696356}}
Bichitra, 1920
Swapnabani, 1921
Milanrati, 1925
Phuler Mala

Short stories

Short stories, 1919

Plays

Koney Badal (Evening Dust Clouds / Time for Seeing the Bride), 1906{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}
Pak Chakra (Wheel of Fortune), 1911{{sfn|Lalita|Tharu|1991|p=237}}
Rajkanya
Divyakamal

Honors and awards

She received the Jagattarini gold medal in 1927 from the University of Calcutta and was the first woman to win this award. She was the president of the Vangiya Sahitya Sammelan (Vangiya literary conference) in 1929.

Death and legacy

She died in 1932 in Kolkata. She has been recognized by the Indian History Congress as one of the first women from Bengal to achieve success as a writer and for her efforts to encourage scientific education, including among women.

Family tree

References

Citations

Sources

{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&pg=PA235 |title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century |year=1991 |last1=Lalita |first1=Ke |last2= Tharu |first2=Susie J |publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York |isbn=9781558610279}}