Swedish Dialect Alphabet

{{Short description|Phonetic alphabet for Swedish diaphonemes}}

{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Expand Russian|Landsmålsalfabetet|date=May 2019}}

File:Consonants Landsmålsalfabetet 1928.png

File:Vowels Landsmålsalfabetet 1928.png

The Swedish Dialect Alphabet ({{langx|sv|Landsmålsalfabetet}}) is a phonetic alphabet created in 1878 by Johan August Lundell and used for the narrow transcription of Swedish dialects. The initial version of the alphabet consisted of 89 letters, 42 of which came from the phonetic alphabet proposed by Carl Jakob Sundevall.{{cite journal

| title = The Swedish dialect alphabet | first = J. A. | last = Lundell

| journal = Studia Neophilologica | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | year = 1928 | pages = 1–17

| doi = 10.1080/00393272808586721 }} It has since grown to over 200 letters.{{cite web

| title = Proposal to encode characters for Ordbok över Finlands svenska folkmål in the UCS

| first1 = Therese | last1 = Leinonen | first2 = Klaas | last2 = Ruppel

| first3 = Erkki I. | last3 = Kolehmainen | first4 = Caroline | last4 = Sandström

| year = 2006

| url = https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06036-lma-proposal.pdf

| access-date = 31 Oct 2015

}} The alphabet supplemented Latin letters with symbols adapted from a range of alphabets, including modified forms of þ and ð from Germanic alphabets, γ and φ from the Greek alphabet and ы from the Cyrillic alphabet, and extended with systematic decorations. There are also a number of diacritics representing prosodic features.

The alphabet has been used extensively for the description of Swedish dialects in both Sweden and Finland. It was also the source of many of the symbols used by the Swedish sinologist Bernhard Karlgren in his reconstruction of Middle Chinese.{{cite book

| title = The Chinese Rime Tables: Linguistic Philosophy and Historical-Comparative Phonology

| editor-given = David Prager | editor-surname = Branner

| series = Current Issues in Linguistic Theory | volume = 271

| chapter = Appendix II: Comparative transcriptions of rime table phonology

| given = David Prager | surname = Branner | pages = 265–302

| publisher = John Benjamins | location = Amsterdam | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-90-272-4785-8

| chapter-url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290819990

}}

Three of the additional letters—ⱸ, ⱹ and ⱺ—were included in version 5.1.0 of Unicode (U+2C78 to U+2C7A) for use in a dictionary of Swedish dialects spoken in Finland. A proposal to encode a further 106 characters was made in 2008.{{cite web|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3555.pdf|title=Exploratory proposal to encode Germanicist, Nordicist, and other phonetic characters in the UCS|author=Michael Everson|publisher=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2|date=2008-11-27|accessdate=2013-02-16}} {{As of|2019}}, this proposal is partially implemented, with some proposed allocations already in use by other characters.{{cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1DC0.pdf|title=Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement|author=Unicode Consortium|accessdate=2019-05-06}}{{cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA9E0.pdf|title=Myanmar Extended-B|author=Unicode Consortium|accessdate=2019-05-06}}{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E000.pdf|title=Glagolitic Supplement|author=Unicode Consortium|accessdate=2019-05-06}}