Swedish Livonia

{{Short description|Baltic dominion of the Swedish Empire (1629–1721)}}

{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

{{Infobox country

| native_name = Svenska Livland

| conventional_long_name = Swedish Livonia

| common_name = Livonia

| status = Vassal

| empire = Sweden

| status_text = Dominion of the Swedish Empire

| event_start = Truce of Altmark

| year_start = 1629

| date_start = 25 September

| event_end = Treaty of Nystad

| year_end = 1721

| date_end = 30 August

| event1 = Treaty of Oliva

| date_event1 = 23 April 1660

| event2 = Great Northern War

| date_event2 = 1700–1721

| event3 = Conquered by Russia

| date_event3 = 1713

| event_pre = Conquered by Sweden

| date_pre = 1621

| p1 = Duchy of Livonia{{!}}Duchy of Livonia

| flag_p1 = POL Inflanty IRP COA.svg

| border_p1 = no

| p2 =

| flag_p2 =

| s1 = Riga Governorate{{!}}Riga Governorate

| flag_s1 =

| image_flag = Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg

| flag_border = no

| flag = List of flags of Sweden

| flag_type = Flag

| image_coat = Coat of arms of Swedish Livonia (18th century).svg

| symbol = Coat of arms of Vidzeme

| symbol_type = Coat of arms
(18th century)

| image_map = Sw BalticProv en.png

| image_map_caption = Baltic provinces of Swedish Empire in the 17th century.

| capital = Riga

| common_languages = Swedish, Estonian, Latvian, Livonian, Low German (Latin as lingua franca)

| religion = Lutheranism

| leader1 = Gustav II Adolf

| year_leader1 = 1611–1632

| leader2 = Frederick I

| year_leader2 = 1720–1751

| title_leader = King of Sweden

| representative1 = Jacob De la Gardie

| year_representative1 = 1622–1628

| representative2 = Erik Dahlberg

| year_representative2 = 1696–1702

| title_representative = Governor-General

| today = Estonia
Latvia

| legislature = Diet

}}

{{History of Latvia}}

Swedish Livonia ({{langx|sv|Svenska Livland}}) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern Estonia (including the island of Ösel ceded by Denmark after the Treaty of Brömsebro) and the northern part of modern Latvia (the Vidzeme region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia during the 1600–1629 Polish-Swedish War. Parts of Livonia and the city of Riga were under Swedish control as early as 1621 and the situation was formalized in the Truce of Altmark 1629, but the whole territory was not ceded formally until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The minority part of the Wenden Voivodeship retained by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was renamed the Inflanty Voivodeship ("Livonian Principality"), which today corresponds to the Latgale region of Latvia.

Riga was the second largest city in the Swedish Empire at the time. Together with other Baltic Sea dominions, Livonia served to secure the Swedish dominium maris baltici. In contrast to Swedish Estonia, which had submitted to Swedish rule voluntarily in 1561 and where traditional local laws remained largely untouched, the uniformity policy was applied in Swedish Livonia under Karl XI of Sweden: serfdom was abolished, peasants were offered education as well as military, administrative or ecclesiastical careers, and nobles had to transfer domains to the king in the Great Reduction.

The territory in turn was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Great Northern War and, following the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710, formed Riga Governorate. Formally, it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, together with Swedish Estonia and Swedish Ingria.{{cn|date=February 2024}}