Sylvatest
{{Short description|Non-destructive testing of wooden beams}}
Sylvatest is an ultrasonic measuring device that provides an overall diagnosis of a wooden component to test its mechanical strength. This is a specific non-destructive testing tool for wooden beams.
Description
Sylvatest is an acousto-ultrasonic measuring device that provides an overall diagnosis of the wood element, based on the speed and energy absorption of the transmitted ultrasonic wave.{{Cite web |title=sylvatest {{!}} interprétations {{!}} Dictionnaires et Encyclopédies sur le Akademik |url=https://mots_fr.fr-academic.com/searchall.php?SWord=sylvatest&stype=0&btype=1&p=0 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Dictionnaires et Encyclopédies sur 'Academic' |language=fr}}{{Cite journal |last=Technique |date=2013-06-05 |title=Tests |url=https://www.lemoniteur.fr/photo/bois-des-alpes-pour-batiment-multifonctionnel.781824/tests.6 |journal=Le Moniteur |language=fr}}{{Cite web |title=Tares internes de bois sur pied: détection par ultrasons |url=https://hal.science/hal-03444432/document}} The result given reflects the residual health of the wood in the trunk of the tree tested or the beam measured. These are non-destructive tests.{{Cite web |date=2022-06-07 |title=CBT : le contrôle non destructif du bois au service de son usage efficient |url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/premiere-transformation/exploitation-forestiere/cbt-le-controle-non-destructif-du-bois-au-service-de-son-usage-efficient-701246.php/?latest |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.leboisinternational.com |language=fr}}{{Cite web |date=2009-11-04 |title=CBS-CBT: l'innovation qui marche |url=https://www.fordaq.com/news/CBS-CBT_Concoursdel'innovation_Atlas_NoEcho_D-Dalle_21278.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Fordaq}}
The technology was developed by Professor Jean-Luc Sandoz as part of his thesis at EPFL in 1984.{{Cite web |title=CBS-CBT, l'expert mondial du bois enraciné en Suisse romande |url=https://agefi.com/actualites/entreprises/cbs-cbt-lexpert-mondial-du-bois-enracine-en-suisse-romande |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Agefi.com |language=fr}}
Characterization of wood by ultrasound
Non-destructive ultrasonic testing of wood is a method used to assess its mechanical properties, particularly the modulus of elasticity in different directions. It is based on measuring the propagation velocity of sound waves through the material and the density of the wood.File:Grading by ultrasound.png
= Principle =
An ultrasonic wave is emitted through a wood specimen using a transducer (sender) placed at one end. It is received by a second transducer (receiver) at the opposite end. The transit time is used to calculate the propagation velocity V of the wave through the material. This velocity is directly related to the mechanical properties of the wood.
= Fundamental Equations =
The propagation velocities of ultrasonic waves in a material, such as wood, are directly related to its mechanical properties and density.
Longitudinal (VL) and radial (VR) wave speeds can be expressed as:
- density is the material’s mass per unit volume.
These relationships are commonly used in non-destructive testing (NDT), particularly in ultrasonic transmission techniques, to assess the internal mechanical condition of wood and other materials.
Applications
File:Diagnostic Sylvatest grume chêne pour flèche de Notre Dame.jpg
This method is widely used for:
- assessing the quality of structural and construction timber,
- inspecting historical structures (e.g., heritage roof trusses),
- detecting internal defects such as cracks or decay,
- reuse wood structural diagnostic,
- scientific studies on the anisotropic mechanical behavior of wood.
It was notably applied in the structural assessment of the spire of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, to evaluate the mechanical condition of oak beams without destructive sampling.
The sylvatest is used in many countries (Brazil, Europe and Asia).{{Cite web |title=Sylvatest – IPETech |url=https://ipetech.tech/tecnologias/sylvatest/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |title=Sylvatest TRIO ultrasounds for wood quality assessment-Dianjiang Group Limited |url=http://www.dianjianghk.com/product/showproduct.php?lang=en&id=1226 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.dianjianghk.com}}{{Cite web |title=Sylvatest |url=https://www.dagasl.es/Sylvatest4.html}}{{Cite web |title=pemeriksaan pohon dengan sylvatest duo - DATATEMPO |url=https://www.datatempo.co/foto/detail/P0202201200217/pemeriksaan-pohon-dengan-sylvatest-duo |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.datatempo.co |language=en}}
It has been used on historic buildings such as the Entrepôts des magasins généraux in Paris, the Forbidden City in Beijing, and the beams of Notre-Dame de Paris{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=CBS : expertise des bois anciens et préconisations pour leur réemploi |url=http://www.leboisinternational.com/deuxieme-transformation/construction-bois/cbs-expertise-des-bois-anciens-et-preconisations-pour-leur-reemploi-702883.php/?latest |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.leboisinternational.com |language=fr}}{{Cite journal |last=Yousra Gouja |date=2023-06-28 |title=" Plus d'ingénierie, moins de matière dans la construction bois " - Cahiers Techniques du Bâtiment (CTB) |url=https://www.cahiers-techniques-batiment.fr/article/plus-d-ingenierie-moins-de-matiere-dans-la-construction-bois.68527 |journal=Cahiers Techniques du Bâtiment |language=fr}} or even the Château de Valère.{{cite web|access-date=2023-09-28|language=fr|title=RRB'23 : Château de Valère du 16 septembre 2023 à Basilique de Valère {{!}} Sortir.lenouvelliste.ch {{!}} La plateforme des événements du canton du Valais.|url=https://www.lenouvelliste.ch/sortir/sorties--manifestations/visites--excursions--attractions-/rrb-23--chateau-de-valere-1320216|website=www.lenouvelliste.ch}}
It is also used to certify the quality of wood for registered designations of origin such as Bois des Alpes{{cite web|access-date=2023-08-13|author=La Commission Internationale pour la Protection des Alpes|language=fr|title=Bâtiment multifonctionnel en bois local|url=https://www.cipra.org/fr/cipra/france/bonnes-pratiques/energie-climat/batiment-multifonctionnel-en-bois-local-et-sobre-en-energie/batiment-multifonctionnel-en-bois-local|website=CIPRA}}{{Cite web |title=Un bâtiment en Bois des Alpes |url=https://www.boisdesalpes.net/batiment.php?noIDB=14 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.boisdesalpes.net}} or Bois de Chatreuse.{{Cite news |date=2003-01-10 |title=Le massif de la Chartreuse, première forêt candidate à une AOC |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2003/01/10/le-massif-de-la-chartreuse-premiere-foret-candidate-a-une-aoc_304965_1819218.html |access-date=2023-10-05}}{{cite web|access-date=2023-08-13|author=Bois de Chartreuse - qualification Sylvatest|language=fr|title=Bois de Chartreuse du bois pour construire. - ppt video online télécharger|url=https://slideplayer.fr/slide/1154363/|website=slideplayer.fr}}
Bibliography
- Research seminar: Diagnosing century-old reclaimed timber with a view to its reuse;{{Cite web |last=gdelaforce |date=2020-01-04 |title=To diagnose 100-year-old timber salvaged from frameworks with a view to its re-use. |url=https://seminairemateriaux.wordpress.com/2020/01/04/diagnostiquer-le-bois-centenaire-de-recuperation-de-charpente-en-vue-de-son-reemploi-recherche-dune-correlation-entre-durete-et-resistance-en-flexion-sur-des-pieces-structurelles-de-charpente-e/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Matériaux pour l'éco-conception |language=en}}
- Nondestructive Techniques for Determination of Wood Mechanical Properties of Urban Trees in Madrid;{{Cite journal |last1=Virgen-Cobos |first1=Gabriel H. |last2=Olvera-Licona |first2=Guadalupe |last3=Hermoso |first3=Eva |last4=Esteban |first4=Miguel |date=29 July 2022 |title=Nondestructive Techniques for Determination of Wood Mechanical Properties of Urban Trees in Madrid |journal=Forests |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |pages=1381 |doi=10.3390/f13091381 |issn=1999-4907 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Fore...13.1381V |hdl=10261/303528 |hdl-access=free }}
- CMechanical strength of structural timber. Taking account of singularities when modelling mechanical behaviour.{{Cite web |title=Mechanical grading of structural timber. |url=http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/DDOC_T_2015_0142_VIGUIER.pdf}}
- Rita Bütler, Lita Patty, Renée-Claire Le Bayon et Claire Guenat, Forest Ecology and Management, {{vol.|242}}, avril 2007, {{p.|791–799}}{{Cite journal |last1=Bütler |first1=Rita |last2=Patty |first2=Lita |last3=Le Bayon |first3=Renée-Claire |last4=Guenat |first4=Claire |last5=Schlaepfer |first5=Rodolphe |date=2007-04-30 |title=Log decay of Picea abies in the Swiss Jura Mountains of central Europe |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112707001661 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=242 |issue=2 |pages=791–799 |doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.017 |bibcode=2007ForEM.242..791B |issn=0378-1127}}
- Document de travail Interreg France-Suisse de 2019{{Cite web |title=Sylvatest project - interreg France - Switzerland |url=https://www.interreg-francesuisse.eu/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2021/09/AFOM-IFS-2019.pdf}}
- Probe-wood contact and gauge pressure with Sylvatest-Duo for precision ultrasonic measurements of wood{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/welcome/?target=%2fcabdirect%2fabstract%2f20163401611 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.cabdirect.org}}
- Evaluation of two acoustic methods for determining the modulus of elasticity of young hybrid larch wood (Larix x eurolepis Henry) - comparison with a standard static bending method {{Cite web |title=Evaluation of two acoustic methods for determining the modulus of elasticity of young hybrid larch wood (Larix x eurolepis Henry) - comparison with a standard static bending method. |url=https://www.afs-journal.org/articles/forest/pdf/1999/04/AFS_0003-4312_1999_56_4_ART0007.pdf}}
- Classification of Guyanese structural timbers. Comparison of three non-destructive techniques: visual, ultrasonic and modal analysis.{{Cite web |title=Classification des bois de construction guyanais. Comparaison de trois techniques non destructives : visuelle, ultrasonique et analyse modale. |url=https://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice.php?dk=465060}}
- Evaluation of modulus of elasticity of date palm sandwich panels using ultrasonic wave velocity and experimental models {{Cite journal |last1=Haseli |first1=Maryam |last2=Layeghi |first2=Mohammad |last3=Zarea Hosseinabadi |first3=Hamid |date=January 2020 |title=Evaluation of modulus of elasticity of date palm sandwich panels using ultrasonic wave velocity and experimental models |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263224119308826 |journal=Measurement |language=en |volume=149 |pages=107016 |doi=10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107016|bibcode=2020Meas..14907016H |s2cid=203076768 }}