Sylvester Ogbechie
{{Short description|Nigerian-American art historian, artist, and curator}}
Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie is a Nigerian-American art historian, artist, and curator. He is Professor of History of Art and Architecture at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research examines African and African Diaspora arts, modern and contemporary art, cultural informatics, and African cultural patrimony. Ogbechie founded the journal Critical Interventions: Journal of African Art History and Visual Culture, and organized the first conference in the United States to explore the Nigerian film industry in 2005. He is a 2022 Guggenheim Fellow in Fine Arts Research as well as a Fellow/Consortium Professor of the Getty Research Institute, senior fellow of the Smithsonian Institution, Fellow of the Rockefeller Foundation, and Fellow of the Institute of International Education. His publications include Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist (2008) and Making History: African Collectors and the Canon of African Art Collection (2011).
Early life and education
Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie was born in Nigeria. He obtained his master's degree at the University of Nigeria. In the 1980s, the American-style university adopted a more conceptual approach to art education, expanding beyond the traditional art school curriculum. This program produced a generation of influential critics, curators, and artists, including Ogbechie.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttT7EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Sylvester+Ogbechie%22&pg=PA134 |title=The Art Market and the Global South |date=2023-08-07 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-68043-2 |pages=134 |language=en}} He obtained his Ph.D. from Northwestern University.{{Cite web |date=2009-02-28 |title=Ogbechie on Enwonwu |url=https://www.independent.com/2009/02/28/ogbechie-on-enwonwu/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=The Santa Barbara Independent |language=en-US}}
Career
Ogbechie has contributed to and published extensively in various academic journals, including African Arts, Art Journal, and Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art. He also founded and edited Critical Interventions: Journal of African Art History and Visual Culture, a peer-reviewed journal that explored African and African Diaspora art, cultural identities, and the politics of commodification in the global economy. The journal, which ceased publication in 2021, also examined African cultural patrimony, intellectual property rights, and the transmission of indigenous knowledge systems.{{Cite web |title=Critical Interventions |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rcin20/about-this-journal |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Taylor & Francis |language=en}}
In June 2005, Ogbechie organized the First International Nollywood Convention and Symposium in Los Angeles, which "evaluated new media in contemporary African Visual Culture from the perspective of the internationally acclaimed Nigerian Video Film Industry." The following year, he established the Nollywood Foundation to advance the formal study of this phenomenon and organized annual international Nollywood conventions from 2005 to 2009.{{Cite book |last=Kabanda |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuRUDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22International+Nollywood+Convention+and+Symposium%22+%22ogbechie%22&pg=PA130 |title=The Creative Wealth of Nations: Can the Arts Advance Development? |date=2018-05-17 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42357-1 |pages=131 |language=en}} Ogbechie has stated that Nollywood is "the first global pan-African film medium to cut across social, cultural, economic and national boundaries" and asserts that the films played "a major role in the social and economic recovery of Liberia after its civil war".{{Cite book |last1=Tar |first1=Tsaaior, James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VVdDDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Sylvester+Ogbechie%22&pg=PA241 |title=Nigerian Film Culture and the Idea of the Nation: Nollywood and National Narration |last2=Françoise |first2=Ugochukwu |date=2017-09-17 |publisher=Adonis and Abbey Publishers |isbn=978-1-909112-74-2 |pages=241 |language=en}}
In his 2011 book Making History: African Collectors and the Canon of African Art, which examines the Femi Akinsanya collection in Nigeria, Ogbechie highlighted the overlooked role of African collectors in the creation of art collections.{{Cite journal |last=Van Beurden |first=Sarah |date=2016-09-01 |title=Art, the "Culture Complex," and Postcolonial Cultural Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19301944.2016.1227216 |journal=Critical Interventions |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=255–260 |doi=10.1080/19301944.2016.1227216 |issn=1930-1944}}
Ogbechie has received numerous fellowships, including the Daimler Fellowship from the American Academy in Berlin, a Fellowship and Consortium Professorship at the Getty Research Institute, and fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation and the Institute for International Education. In 2016, he received a Smithsonian Institution Senior Fellowship Award to work on a book titled Rethinking African Art History: Indigenous Arts, Modernity, and Discourses of the Contemporary. The project examines the divide between pre-colonial African art and art shaped by colonial, postcolonial, urban, and global influences.{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=African Studies Association News VOL. XLIX, ISSUE NO. 1 |url=https://africanstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ASA-News-Summer-2016.pdf |website=African Studies Association}} In 2022, Ogbechie received a Guggenheim Foundation award for his book project, The Curator as Culture Broker: Representing Africa in Global Contemporary Art. The book employs historiographical, art historical, and social network analysis to explore how African artists and artworks are represented within the global discourse of contemporary art.{{Cite web |title=Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie Receives Guggenheim Foundation Award {{!}} History of Art and Architecture - UC Santa Barbara |url=https://www.arthistory.ucsb.edu/news/announcement/1032 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.arthistory.ucsb.edu}}
Ogbechie is a member of the College Art Association, and has served on the board of the African Studies Association, the Arts Council of the African Studies Association (where he served as president),{{Cite web |title=Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie {{!}} History of Art and Architecture - UC Santa Barbara |url=https://www.arthistory.ucsb.edu/people/sylvester-okwunodu-ogbechie |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.arthistory.ucsb.edu}} and the American Association of University Professors.{{Cite web |last=Martins |first=Ameh |date=2019-10-31 |title=OGBECHIE. Sylvester Okwunodu |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/ogbechie-sylvester-okwunodu/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US}}
Ogbechie is the founder and director of Aachron Knowledge Systems, which engages in art management and equity consulting.
Ogbechie has recounted the challenges he faced in obtaining a ten-day German visa to attend Documenta, one of the world's premier contemporary art exhibitions. "At the German [consulate] in Los Angeles, it took me three days to explain to the officials there why I, an art historian and professor in a major department of art history at a major American university, should be interested in attending the most important contemporary art exhibition on the planet." Addressing the barriers faced by African artists, he questioned: "what kind of exchange occurs when African artists and scholars are actively denied a chance to engage their counterparts in the West by being subjected to stringent applications requirements for a visa? What does this do to the production of knowledge about their spaces of practice?"
= Views =
Ogbechie has highlighted and critiqued recent trends that frame contemporary African arts primarily as diasporic, often neglecting artistic practices within the continent. He has pointed to Nollywood and underground movements as embodying the concept of art as performance in a modern context.{{Cite journal |last1=Rosenfield |first1=Susan |last2=Gomoll |first2=Lucian |last3=Bick |first3=Tenley |last4=Sides |first4=Kirk |last5=Anderson |first5=Samuel M. |date=2011 |title=ACASA Fifteenth Triennal UCLA March 23-27, 2011 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41330718 |journal=African Arts |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1162/afar.2011.44.3.1 |doi-broken-date=28 March 2025 |jstor=41330718 |issn=0001-9933|url-access=subscription }} He critiques the preference for Western-based African artists in exhibitions, which he believes marginalizes artists living and working on the continent. Ogbechie highlights how this trend prevents scholars from engaging with the complexities of African art in its local contexts.{{Cite journal |last=Harney |first=Elizabeth |date=2007 |editor-last=Magnin |editor-first=André |editor2-last=de Lima Greene |editor2-first=Alison |editor3-last=Wardlaw |editor3-first=Alvia J. |editor4-last=McEvilley |editor4-first=Thomas |editor5-last=Njami |editor5-first=Simon |editor6-last=Martin |editor6-first=Jean-Hubert |editor7-last=Fitzgerald |editor7-first=Shannon |editor8-last=Mosaka |editor8-first=Tumelo |editor9-last=Jinorio |editor9-first=Orlando Britto |title=Canon Fodder |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20068537 |journal=Art Journal |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=120–127 |jstor=20068537 |issn=0004-3249 |quote=It was in an impassioned response to this review that the art historian Sylvester Ogbechie called upon his colleagues to act: "Perhaps the time has come to have a serious discussion about the representation of 'contemporary African art' within Western exhibition spaces."[ 11] His indignation was palpable and his argument forceful. It is not, however, his objection to Sewell's racism that proves relevant to my larger consideration of canon formation, but rather his concerns that "critical practice must explain space." In Ogbechie's view, in the last few years a proliferation of exhibitions have focused on Western-based African artists to the detriment of those living and working on the continent, thus promoting work that is more palatable to the "lazy Western curators who are thereby saved the rigors of traveling to Darkest Africa, where, who knows, they run the risk of being eaten by cannibals in Lagos." Ogbechie has struck an important note about spatiotemporal positionings within the contemporary art world and matters of taste, quality, and canonization that will echo throughout discussions of the three exhibition catalogues here.}} In his essay The Curator as Culture Broker, he critiques the tendency of Okwui Enwezor, a prominent curator of contemporary African art, to position Africa primarily within a diaspora context. He argues that this framing dislocates African visual culture, leading to a perception of Africa as "everywhere but nowhere," effectively rendering it a non-location within art discourse. He asserts that the diaspora cannot serve as a substitute for Africa, as its members possess distinct histories and experiences shaped by their specific circumstances.{{Cite journal |date=September 2011 |title=CURATING CRAFT: Catherine Hale and Carla Taunton in Conversation |url= |journal=Craft Journal / Cahiers Metiers d'Art |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=152–163}}
Ogbechie criticizes art-historical narratives for refusing to acknowledge modern African art as coeval with European modernism, despite both emerging around the turn of the 20th century through similar acts of appropriation and transformation of traditional aesthetics. He contends that "the unequal power relationship engendered by Africa's colonization" has sidelined African modernity, framing it as a by-product of European colonization rather than an independent artistic movement.{{Cite journal |last=Okediji |first=Moyo |date=2015-04-03 |title=African Art and Language as Semioptic Text |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00043079.2015.989800 |journal=The Art Bulletin |language=en |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=123–139 |doi=10.1080/00043079.2015.989800 |issn=0004-3079|url-access=subscription }}
Awards and recognitions
Ogbechie received the Melville J. Herskovits Award for his book Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist. This award is given annually to the best English-language scholarly work on Africa published and distributed in the United States in the preceding year.{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=The Arts Council of the African Studies Association, Newsletter, Volume 84 |url=https://www.acasaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Volume-84.pdf |website=Arts Council of the African Studies Association}}
In 2019, Ogbechie was awarded the Teshome H. Gabriel Distinguished Africanist Award from the African and African-American Studies Research Center at UC San Diego.{{Cite web |title=Spring 2014 Newsletter - History of Art and Architecture, UCSB |url=https://haanewsletter.arthistory.ucsb.edu/Spring2014/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=haanewsletter.arthistory.ucsb.edu}}
Bibliography
= As author =
- {{cite book |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |title=Ben Enwonwu: The Making of an African Modernist |publisher=University Rochester Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1580462358 |edition=Illustrated |series=Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora |volume=37}}
- {{cite book |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |title=Making History: African Collectors and the Canon of African Art |publisher=5 Continents Editions |year=2012 |isbn=978-8874395712 |edition=1st}}
= As editor =
- {{cite book |last1=Offoedu-Okeke |first1=Onyema |title=Artists of Nigeria |last2=Ogbechie |first2=Sylvester Okwunodu |publisher=5 Continents Editions |year=2012 |isbn=9788874395477}}
- {{cite book |last=Udondian |first=Victoria-Idongesit |title=How Can I Be Nobody? |publisher=Hirmer Verlag |year=2023 |isbn=9783777442570}}
Selected publications
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=1997 |title=Uzo Egonu: An African Artist in the West |journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art |issue=6–7 |pages=62–65}}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2000 |title=The Art of Ben Enwonwu: A Pan-Africanist Perspective |journal=Ijele: Art eJournal of the African World |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–15}}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2002 |title=Aesthetics and Artistic Identity in Modern Nigerian Art |journal=Nka: Journal of Contemporary African Art |issue=16/17 |pages=24–31|doi=10.1215/10757163-16-17-1-24 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2002 |title=Are We There Yet? |journal=African Arts |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1, 4–7|doi=10.1162/afar.2002.35.1.1 |doi-broken-date=28 March 2025 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2005 |title=The Historical Life of Objects: African Art History and the Problem of Discursive Obsolescence |journal=Critical Interventions |issue=1 |pages=4–20}}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2005 |title=Ordering the Universe: Documenta XI and the Apotheosis of the Occidental Gaze |journal=Art Journal |publisher=College Art Association |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=80–89|doi=10.1080/00043249.2005.10791160 }}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2007 |title=Is African Art History? |journal=Critical Interventions |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4–13|doi=10.1080/19301944.2007.10781312 }}
- {{cite journal |last1=Peffer |first1=John |last2=Ogbechie |first2=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2010 |title=History of Photography Special Issue on Africa |journal=History of Photography |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=34 |issue=2}}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2010 |title=The Curator as Culture Broker: A Critique of the Curatorial Regime of Okwui Enwezor in Contemporary African Art |journal=Art South Africa |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=34–37}}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2019 |title=Momentum Builds for the Restitution of African Art |journal=Current History |publisher=University of California Press |volume=118 |issue=808 |pages=194–196|doi=10.1525/curh.2019.118.808.194 }}
- {{cite book |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |title=In and Out of View: Art and the Dynamics of Circulation, Suppression and Censorship |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2021 |editor1-last=Paquette |editor1-first=Catha |location=New York |pages=236–246 |chapter=African Cultural Heritage: Erasure, Restitution, and Digital Image Regimes |editor2-last=Kleinfelder |editor2-first=Karen |editor3-last=Miles |editor3-first=Christopher}}
- {{cite book |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |title=OLORISA |publisher=FotoFactory.Lagos |year=2021 |editor-last=Ocherbauer |editor-first=Eva Maria |location=Graz/Berlin/Lagos |pages=43–49 |chapter=Of Yoruba Orisha, Sacred Groves, and Modernist/Contemporary Gesamtkunstwerk: The Olorisa Project}}
- {{cite book |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |title=Parapolitics: Cultural Freedom and the Cold War |publisher=Haus der Kulturen der Welt and Sternberg Press |year=2021 |editor1-last=Franke |editor1-first=Anselm |location=Berlin |pages=541–555 |chapter=Ulli Beier, Cultural Brokerage and Cold War Parapolitics |editor2-last=Ghouse |editor2-first=Nida |editor3-last=Guevara |editor3-first=Paz |editor4-last=Majaca |editor4-first=Antonia}}
- {{cite journal |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |year=2022 |title=Review of The Brutish Museums: The Benin Bronzes, Colonial Violence and Cultural Restitution, by Dan Hicks |journal=American Anthropologist |publisher=American Anthropological Association |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=245–247}}
- {{cite book |last=Ogbechie |first=Sylvester Okwunodu |title=The Global Contexts of Modern African Art: Negotiating Blackness, Modern Art and African Identities in Paris |publisher=Routledge |year=2024 |editor1-last=Costache |editor1-first=Irina D. |location=New York |pages=204–216 |editor2-last=Kunny |editor2-first=Clare}}
References
{{Reflist}}
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Category:American people of Nigerian descent
Category:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty
Category:University of Nigeria alumni
Category:Northwestern University alumni
Category:American art historians
Category:Nigerian art curators
Category:Nigerian art historians
Category:American art curators