Symphony No. 52 (Haydn)
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The Symphony No. 52 in C minor is one of the last Sturm und Drang symphonies composed by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn while the composer was in residence at Esterházy in 1771 or 1772.H. C. Robbins Landon,{{Page needed|date=May 2015}}
It is one of a number of minor-key symphonies that Haydn composed in the late 1760s and early 1770s, the others being Symphonies Nos. 39, 44, 45, and 49. The symphony was described by H. C. Robbins Landon as "the grandfather of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, also created with mathematical precision and in extreme conciseness."H. C. Robbins Landon, Haydn: Chronicle and Works, 5 vols, (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1976– ) v. 2, "Haydn at Eszterhaza, 1766–1790", {{Page needed|date=May 2015}}.
Movements
The symphony is scored for two oboes, bassoon, two horns, continuo (harpsichord) and strings. This symphony is divided into four movements:
- Allegro assai con brio
- Andante in C major, {{music|time|3|8}}
- Menuetto e trio. Allegretto, {{music|time|3|4}}
- Finale. Presto
The symphony has several distinct features. The first movement, written in Sonata-Allegro form, establishes a contrast between an agitated and forte opening theme in C minor, and a lyrical and piano second theme in the relative major (E-flat major). Somewhat unusually, Haydn presents the second theme twice with transitional material in between its appearances.Brown, A. Peter, The Symphonic Repertoire (Volume 2). Indiana University Press ({{ISBN|0-253-33487-X}}), pp. 127–128 (2002). As with his Symphony No. 45, the movement employs deceptive progressions in both the exposition (mm. 36–37) and recapitulation (mm. 130–131).{{cite journal | author = R. M. Longyear | title = The Minor Mode in Eighteenth-Century Sonata Form | journal=The Journal of Music Theory | volume = 15 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 189–229 | date = Spring–Winter 1971 | doi = 10.2307/842901 | jstor=842901}} The "anger and vehemence" established by the minor mode of the symphony surpasses Haydn's earlier minor key symphonic efforts.{{cite book| author = Daniel Heartz | title = Haydn, Mozart and the Viennese School, 1740–1780 | year = 1994 | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | isbn = 0-393-03712-6 | pages = 293–294 (quotation, 293) }}
Liturgical use
It is possible that, as with several other symphonies by Haydn and Mozart, the Symphony no. 52 was written for the purpose of being incorporated into the Catholic liturgy. Haydn's early biographer Giuseppe Carpani noted:
Some other of Haydn's symphonies were written for the holy days. They were played in the chapel at Eisenstadt, in the chapel of the Imperial Court, and in other churches on such sacred feast days. They are written in G major, D major, and C minor.{{cite journal| author = Neal Zaslaw
| title = Mozart, Haydn and the Sinfonia da Chiesa
| journal=The Journal of Musicology
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 95–124, here 113
| issn = 0277-9269
|date=January 1982
| doi = 10.1525/jm.1982.1.1.03a00140
| jstor=763639}}. The translation from the Italian is by the author, who also provides the original.Fernando Sor also witnessed a Haydn symphony (in D) being performed in conjunction with the Mass as a young student at Montserrat.
It has been speculated that the C minor symphony refers to no. 52 based both on the date of composition, which coincided with the Austrian practice of performing symphonies during the liturgical service, and the fact that unlike Haydn's other C minor symphony to which Carpani may have been alluding (Symphony No. 78), no. 52 is a more serious work.Zaslaw, 117
Notes
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References
- Brown, A. Peter. The Symphonic Repertoire (Volume 2). Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 2002. {{ISBN|0-253-33487-X}}.
- Heartz, Daniel. Haydn, Mozart and the Viennese School, 1740–1780, New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.
- Robbins Landon, H. C. Joseph Haydn: Critical Edition of the Complete Symphonies, Vienna: Universal Edition, 1963.
- Zaslaw, Neal. "Mozart, Haydn and the Sinfonia da Chiesa". Journal of Musicology 1, no. 1 (January 1982): 95–124.
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