Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Short description|Symphony by Anton Bruckner}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name = Symphony No. 7
| image = Anton Bruckner (Kaulbach).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Anton Bruckner (1885)
| key = E major
| dedication = Ludwig II of Bavaria
| composer = Anton Bruckner
| catalogue = WAB 107
| movements = 4
| composed = 1881–1883
| premiere_date = {{Start date|1884|12|30|df=y}}
| premiere_location = Stadttheater, Leipzig
| premiere_conductor= Arthur Nikisch
| published = {{Start date|1885}}
| first_recording = {{Start date|1924}} Oskar Fried, Staatskapelle Berlin
}}
Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E major, WAB 107, is one of the composer's best-known symphonies. It was written between 1881 and 1883 and was revised in 1885. It is dedicated to Ludwig II of Bavaria. The premiere, given under Arthur Nikisch and the Gewandhaus Orchestra in the opera house at Leipzig on 30 December 1884,Sir Georg Solti and Chicago Symphony Orchestra – Bruckner: Symphony No. 7 – transcription from CD booklet (bar code 0-28941-76312-9), written by William Mann, London Records, 1988 brought Bruckner the greatest success he had known in his life.
In the 2018 article "The 20 Greatest Symphonies of all time" from BBC Music Magazine, this symphony is placed at the 20th position. Bruckner also holds the 13th place with Symphony No. 8.{{Cite web|url=http://www.classical-music.com/article/20-greatest-symphonies-all-time|title=The 20 Greatest Symphonies of all time {{!}} Classical-Music.com|website=www.classical-music.com|access-date=14 April 2020}}
Description
= First movement =
The first movement starts with tremolo strings and the cellos presenting "a complete, divinely given melodic whole:"{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Julian|author-link=Julian Johnson (academic)|year=2009|title=Mahler's Voices: Expression and Irony in the Songs and Symphonies|page=48|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195372397}} The author contrasts the amorphous opening of Mahler's First Symphony.
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff << % This score generates several LilyPond warnings.
\new Staff <<
\new Voice { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Allegro moderato" 2 = 60
\clef "treble" \key e \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \relative e \time 2/2 | % 1
s1*8 | % 9
\stemDown e'2 :32 dis'2 :32 s1*2 } % Warning: conflict with event: `tremolo-event'
\new voice { \relative e % Warning: cannot create context: voice
\clef treble | % 1
\stemUp
fis'1^ :32 | \barNumberCheck #10 % Warning: maybe input should specify polyphonic voices; Warning: adding note head to incompatible stem; Warning: discarding event: `tremolo-event'
\new Staff \relative e { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key e \major \clef bass \time 2/2
R1*2 | % 3
e2. \mf ^"lang gezogen" -- b4 -- | % 4
e4 -- b'4 -- e4 -- gis4 -- | % 5
b1 ~ -- | % 6
b2 ais,4 \< ( b4 ) | % 7
c2. ( e8 d8 ) | % 8
c2 \! \> ( b4 ais4 ) | % 9
b2. \! ( fis4 ) | \barNumberCheck #10
fis4 ( cis'4 b4 ais4 ) | % 11
b2 r2 }
>> }
}}
Bruckner declared he heard it in a dream, played on a viola, and wrote it down on awakening, but the tune incorporates a quotation from the Credo of his D minor Mass (1864) which he was currently revising. The main theme is restated before the second theme group appears, with the oboes and clarinets carrying the first theme:
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative b' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Ruhig" 2 = 54
\clef "treble" \key b \minor \stemUp \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \time 2/2 | % 1
b2. \p ^( cis4 | % 2
d4. e32 \< d32 cis32 d32 e4 fis4 | % 3
g2. a4 \! | % 4
bes4 ) r8. a16 \mf ^( bes4.. c16 | % 5
f,2 ) r2 }
\new voice \relative d'' {
\clef treble | % 1
s1 |
s1 | % 3
d1 ~ | % 4
d4 f2 _( d4 | % 5
c1 ) } >>
\new Staff \relative b { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key b \minor \clef treble \time 2/2
2~ \pp :8
fis>2~ :8 | % 2
2~ :8 2~ :8 | % 3
2~ \< :8 2 :8 | % 4
>> }
}}
The third theme group is based on octaves, as is typical in Bruckner:
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff \relative b' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Ruhig" 2 = 48 \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key b \minor \clef treble \time 2/2
4 \p ( cis'>8 cis'>8 cis'>8 \new Staff \relative b, { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key b \minor \clef bass \time 2/2 8 \pp -! \downbow fis'>16 ( 16 fis'>8 -. ) -. ) -. >> } }} The development features many of the themes in inversion. Near the end of the movement, there is a long pedal point on E, sustained by the double basses and timpani.
= Second movement =
This movement was composed between January and April 1883. Bruckner began writing it in anticipation of the death of Richard Wagner, who was in poor health. The movement features four Wagner tubas, which was their first appearance in a symphony:
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative cis'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Sehr feierlich und sehr langsam" 4 = 38
\clef "treble" \key cis \minor \stemUp \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \time 4/4 | % 1
cis4. \p _\markup{ \italic {cresc. sempre} } ^( gis8
fisis8. bis16 cis8. dis16 | % 2
gis,2. ) \once \override TupletBracket #'stencil = ##f
\times 2/3 {
gis8 ^( fis8 e8
}
| % 3
cis'4 _\markup{ \italic {dim.} } e,8 cis'8 cis8 bis8 cis8 dis8 | % 4
dis2 ) r2 }
\new voice \relative e' {
\clef "treble" \key cis \minor \stemDown \time 4/4 | % 1
e2 _( fisis2 | % 2
dis2 ) e2 _( | % 3
e2 a2 | % 4
gis2 ) s2 } >>
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative e' {
\clef "bass" \key cis \minor \stemUp \time 4/4 e1\p ^( ^~ | % 2
e2 d2 ) ^( | % 3
cis2 cis8 bis8 cis8 cis8 | % 4
bis2 ) r2 }
\new voice \relative gis {
\clef "bass" \key cis \minor \stemDown\time 4/4 gis2 _( a2 | % 2
gis2 ) b2 _( | % 3
a2 fis2 | % 4
gis2 ) s2 } >>
>> }
}}
A contrabass tuba is also present. The second part of the movement, beginning in F{{sharp}} major, has a tune that Bruckner specialist Georg Tintner described as such: "If I could describe what makes Bruckner Bruckner to me, it is that tune. It is something which transcends ordinary sorts of feelings. You can't even say 'Is it jolly?' 'Is it sad?' 'Is it that?' 'Is it that?'. You can't say that with a late Beethoven tune either. It is above these things:"{{cite AV media|people=Tintner, Georg|date= August 1974|title= "Tintner on Bruckner"|medium= Audio CD|publisher= Naxos Records|id= 8.501205 }}
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff \relative cis' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key fis \major \clef treble \time 3/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Moderato" 4 = 54
r8 \p cis'>16 ( eis'>16 ) | % 3 } \new Staff \relative fis, { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key fis \major \clef bass \time 3/4 >> } }} Legend has it that Bruckner wrote the cymbal clash at the climax of this movement upon hearing the news that Wagner had died.{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Watson (actor and musicologist)|year=1997|title=Bruckner|publisher=Schirmer|page=111|isbn=9780028646268}} By way of contrast, William Mann states that "at the climax of the slow movement Nikisch persuaded Bruckner to add a cymbal clash supported by a triangle; later this addition to the manuscript was marked 'invalid' – but not in the composer's hand, so who was the purist?" This movement was played on Nazi German radio on 31 January 1943 following the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad{{cite book|author=Reinhold Busch|page=x|chapter=Foreword|title=Survivors of Stalingrad: Eyewitness Accounts from the 6th Army, 1942–43|publisher=Frontline Books|year=2014|isbn=9781473842298}} and, after music by Richard Wagner, preceding the announcement on 1 May 1945 of Hitler's death the day before.{{cite book|author=Richard Hargreaves|title=Hitler's Final Fortress: Breslau 1945|year=2015|page=197|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811715515}}{{cite web|url=https://www.abruckner.com/down/articles/articlesEnglish/engel-friedrich-hitlers-death-as-announced-on-the-/Engel__Hitlers_Death_as_Announced_on_the_Radio.pdf|title=Who played Bruckner's Adagio?|author=Friedrich Karl Engel|translator=Richard L. Hess}} Originally published in Funkgeschichte, vol. 41, October–November 2018.
= Third movement =
The scherzo is in A minor and opens with a rhythmic string figure and a melody with a leap of an octave played by a solo trumpet:
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff \relative e' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key a \minor \clef treble \time 3/4 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Sehr schnell" 4 = 240
e2. \p ^\markup{
\italic
{hervortretend}
} -> | % 6
e'2. -> | % 7
a,4.. -> a16 a4 -! | % 8
e2. | % 9
c'2 \mf ~ c8 d,8 | \barNumberCheck #10
b'2 ~ b8 c,8 | % 11
a'2 ~ a8 b,8 | % 12
e2.
}
\new Staff \relative a, { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key a \minor \clef bass \time 3/4
a8 \pp ( b8 c4 ) -! b4 -! | % 6
a8 ( e'8 a4 ) -! g4 -! | % 7
f4 -! e4 -! d4 -! | % 8
e4 -! d4 -! e4 -! | % 9
a,8\mf ( c8 f4 ) -! a,4 -! | \barNumberCheck #10
g4 -! e'4 -! g,4 -! | % 11
f8 ( a8 d4 ) -! f,4 -! | % 12
e4 r2 }
>> }
}}
The Trio is in F major and is in a slower tempo:
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice \relative a' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Etwas langsamer" 4 = 180
\clef "treble" \key f \major \stemUp \time 3/4 | % 1
a2. ^\markup{
\italic
{gesangvoll}
} \p \< ^( | % 2
g4 f4 g4 ) | % 3
a2. \! \> ^( | % 4
f2. ) | % 5
d2. \! _\markup{ \italic {cresc. sempre} } ^( | % 6
bes'2 ~ bes8 a8 ) | % 7
\times 3/2 {
a4 ^( g4
}
| % 8
d'2. ) | % 9
\times 3/2 {
d4 ^( c4
}
| \barNumberCheck #10
a4 g4 f4 ) | % 11
g2. _\markup{ \italic {dim.} } ^( | % 12
c,2. ) }
\new voice \relative c' {
\clef "treble" \key f \major \stemDown \time 3/4 | % 1
c2. _( | % 2
des2 c4 ) | % 3
c2. _( | % 4
a2. ) | % 5
a2. _( | % 6
f'2. ) | % 7
d2. _( | % 8
c4 d4 e4 ) | % 9
f2. _~ | \barNumberCheck #10
f2. | % 11
des2. _( | % 12
bes2. ) } >>
\new Staff \relative c { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key f \major \clef bass \time 3/4
c4\p ( d4 c4 | % 2
bes4 g4 e'4 ) | % 3
f4 ( b,4 c4 | % 4
cis4 d4 e4 ) | % 5
f4 ( g4 a4 | % 6
d,4 e4 f4 ) | % 7
g4 ( a4 bes4 | % 8
e,4 f4 g4 ) | % 9
a4 ( bes4 a4 |
c4 bes4 a4 ) | % 11
g,4 ( a4 bes4 | % 12
c4 d4 e4 ) }
>> }
}}
= Fourth movement =
Unlike the Fifth and Eighth symphonies, where the Finale sums up the entire symphony, this Finale is not as expansive as the other movements. Georg Tintner compared this Finale to the finale of a Haydn symphony.{{Cite web|url=https://www.naxos.com/mainsite/blurbs_reviews.asp?item_code=8.554269&catNum=554269&filetype=About+this+Recording&language=English#|title=Bruckner, A.: Symphony No. 7, WAB 107 (Royal Scottish National Orchestra, Tintner)|website=www.naxos.com}} Like the first movement, the fourth movement opens with tremolo strings:
{{Block indent|
{ \new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff \relative e'' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key e \major \clef treble \time 2/2 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo "Bewegt, doch nicht zu schnell" 2 = 60
es>4 :32 \new Staff \relative e' { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key e \major \clef treble \time 2/2 r4 \p e4 ^"Spitze" \upbow b8.. e32 gis8.. b32 | % 2 cis4. ( dis8 e4 ) r4 | % 3 r4 gis,4 ^"Spitze" \upbow cis,8.. gis'32 cis8.. e32 | % 4 fis4. ( gis8 fis8 ) r16. fis,32 ^"Spitze" gis8.. a32 | % 5 b4 ^\markup{ \italic {poco a poco cresc.} } -! b,4 -! r8.. gis'32 a8.. b32 | % 6 c4 -! d,4 -! r8.. c'32 b8.. c32 | % 7 des2. ^^ c8.. ( -- bes32 ) -- | % 8 as4 f8.. ( -- des32 ) -. es4 -! es4 -! | % 9 as,4 r4 r2 } >> } }} The second theme group is in the distant key of A{{flat}} major: {{Block indent| { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice \relative as' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 2 = 50 \clef "treble" \key aes \major \stemUp \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \time 2/2 | % 1 as2 \p _\markup{ \italic {poco a poco cresc.} } ^( bes2 ) | % 2 c2 ^( ces2 ) | % 3 bes2 ^( a2 ) | % 4 bes2 r2 } \new voice \relative es' { \clef "treble" \key as \major \stemDown \time 2/2 | % 1 es1 _~ | % 2 es2 es2 | % 3 d2 _( c2 ) | % 4 d2 s2 } >> \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c' { \clef "bass" \key as \major \stemUp \time 2/2 c2 \p ^( bes4 g4 ) | % 2 as2 ^( ges'2 ) | % 3 f1 ^~ | % 4 f2 r2 } \new voice \relative as { \clef "bass" \key as \major \stemDown \time 2/2 r4 as4 g4 es4 | % 2 as4 as,4 es'4 d8 es8 | % 3 f4 es4 f4 f,4 | % 4 bes4 f'4 d'4 c4 } >> >> } }} The third theme group is a characteristic "octave theme" given by the whole orchestra in A minor: {{Block indent| { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative a { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piano" \key a \minor \clef treble \time 2/2 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 2 = 50 r4 \ff _\markup{ \italic {immer markig gestrichen} } 4 ~ ^^ ~ | % 3 \new Staff \relative a, { \key a \minor \clef bass \time 2/2 r4 \ff _\markup{ \italic {marc. sempre} } 4 ~ | % 3 ) | % 4 >> } }} In the recapitulation, the subject groups are reversed in order – a form called "tragic sonata form"Jackson, Timothy (1997). "The Finale of Bruckner's Seventh Symphony and tragic reversed sonata form". Cambridge. Bruckner Studies edited by Timothy L. Jackson and Paul Hawkshaw. Cambridge University Press or "arch form".{{Cite web|url=https://carragan.com/composer-anton-bruckner/brucknerss-golden-arches/|title=Bruckner's Golden Arches|first=William|last=Carragan|author-link=William Carragan}}
Versions
= 1883 version =
This was the version performed at the work's premiere. It survives only in one autograph copy which includes later changes by Bruckner and others, so the exact contents of this version are lost and it is unpublished.
= 1885 version =
== Gutmann edition (published 1885) ==
Some changes were made after the 1884 premiere but before the first publication by Gutmann in 1885. It is widely accepted that Nikisch, Franz Schalk and Ferdinand Löwe had significant influence over this edition, but there is some debate over the extent to which these changes were authorized by Bruckner. These changes mostly affect tempo and orchestration.
== Haas edition (published 1944) ==
Robert Haas attempted to remove the influence of Nikisch, Schalk and Löwe in order to retrieve Bruckner's original conception of the symphony. Haas used some material from the 1883 autograph but because this autograph also includes later changes much of his work was the product of conjecture. The most prominent feature of Haas's edition is the absence of cymbals, triangle and timpani in the slow movement: Haas asserted that Bruckner decided to omit the percussion, a claim scholar {{ill|Benjamin Korstvedt|fr}} deems "implausible".{{citation
|first=Benjamin M.
|last=Korstvedt
|contribution=Bruckner editions: the revolution revisited
|editor-first=John
|editor-last=Williamson|editor-link=John Williamson (musicologist)
|title=The Cambridge Companion to Bruckner
|series=Cambridge Companions to Music
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-00878-6
|year=2004
|pages=127
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDPCd_3Zg0gC&q=bruckner+seventh+symphony+cymbals&pg=PA127
}}
== Nowak edition (published 1954) ==
Leopold Nowak kept most of the changes in the 1885 Gutmann edition, including the percussion. He reprinted the tempo modifications from Gutmann but placed them in brackets. Some performances of this edition omit the cymbal crash at the climax of the slow movement, but it is included in the printed score.
== Cohrs edition (published 2015) ==
Another edition has been issued by Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs for the {{lang|de|Anton Bruckner Urtext Gesamtausgabe}} in 2015.
==1921 chamber arrangement==
An arrangement of this symphony for chamber ensemble (consisting of 2 violins, viola, cello, bass, clarinet, horn, piano 4-hands, and harmonium) was prepared in 1921 by students and associates of Arnold Schoenberg, for the Viennese "Society for Private Musical Performances": Hanns Eisler (1st and 3rd movements), Erwin Stein (2nd mvt.), and Karl Rankl (4th mvt.).{{cite web|url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/bruckner-symphony-no-7-arr-chamber-ensemble|title=Bruckner Symphony No. 7 (arr. Chamber Ensemble)|work=Gramophone|author=Philip Clark|access-date=19 May 2020}} The Society folded before the arrangement could be performed, and it was not premiered until more than 60 years later.
Instrumentation
The symphony requires the following orchestra:
- woodwinds: two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets in A, two bassoons
- brass: four horns in F, three trumpets in F, three trombones, four Wagner tubas (two tenors in B{{flat}}, two basses in F)1, one contrabass tuba
- percussion2: timpani, cymbals, triangle
- strings: violins 1, 2, violas, cellos, double basses
1Used in the 2nd and 4th movements only.
2Except for the third movement where the timpani figure prominently, use of percussion in the symphony is extremely limited. A timpani roll enters at the coda of the first movement. In some performance editions, the timpani re-enters along with cymbals and triangle together in the climax of the second movement (the only movement employing cymbals and triangle). Many conductors perform the second movement without percussion (as in the Haas edition), however; the decision is generally settled by the performers' preferences. In the last movement, the timpani rolls in brief climaxes before crescendoing with orchestral tutti in the final bars.
Discography
The first commercial recording was made by Oskar Fried with the Berlin State Opera Orchestra in 1924 for Polydor. Along with Symphony No. 4, the Seventh is the most popular Bruckner symphony both in the concert hall and on record.
Herbert von Karajan's last recording with the Vienna Philharmonic, 23 April 1989, three months before his death, on the Deutsche Grammophon label, of the Haas edition of the 1885 score, has been singled out by Norman Lebrecht as #80 in his list of the 100 best recordings,Norman Lebrecht, "Masterpieces: 100 Milestones of the Recorded Century", The Life and Death of Classical Music. New York: Anchor Books (2007): 252–253 and described as "more human and vulnerable" than his earlier Berlin recording.Stephen Chakwin, "Anton Bruckner" in Classical Music: The Listener's Companion ed. Alexander J. Morin (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2002), p. 196 In reviewing the 1999 recording by Kurt Sanderling, the critic David Hurwitz listed as reference (benchmark) recordings of Bruckner's Seventh those by Eugen Jochum in 1976,{{cite web|title=Bruckner – Staatskapelle Dresden, Eugen Jochum – Symphonies Nos. 3 & 7|url=http://www.discogs.com/Bruckner-Staatskapelle-Dresden-Eugen-Jochum-Symphonies-Nos-3-7/release/4657673|website=Discogs|access-date=11 May 2015}} Bernard Haitink in 1978, Karajan in 1989, and Günter Wand in 1999.David Hurwitz, [http://www.classicstoday.com/review.asp?ReviewNum=2937 "Anton Bruckner Symphony No. 7"] ClassicsToday.com, 4 March 2001 Stephen Johnson prefers Karl Böhm's recording with the Vienna Philharmonic, saying that Böhm balances "clear-sighted formal understanding with a more fluid, supple approach to phrasing."Stephen Johnson, Anton Bruckner Symphony no. 7 (1883), 1001 Classical Recordings You Must Hear Before You Die ed. Matthew Rye. Published by Universe in New York, p. 424. The vast majority of modern recordings use vibrato for the strings, with Roger Norrington's recording with the Radio-Sinfonieorchester Stuttgart des SWR being a notable exception.Shirley, Hugo (2010). [http://www.musicalcriticism.com/recordings/cd-norrington-bruckner7-1009.shtml "Bruckner: Symphony No.7"] MusicalCriticism.com
On BBC Radio 3 in December 2014, John Deathridge selected Bernard Haitink's Concertgebouw recording from 1966 as the 'First Choice' in the 'Building a Library' series. (Wilhelm Furtwangler's 1949 recording with the Berlin Philharmonic was chosen as the top 'Historic' recommendation.)
The chamber arrangement has been recorded, by among others, the Thomas Christian Ensemble, proving to one reviewer "beyond doubt that it simply takes more than 10 musicians, no matter how good they are, to play a Bruckner symphony."Stevenson, Joseph (2010). [https://www.classicstoday.com/review/review-11731/ Review] classicstoday.com
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Anton Bruckner, Sämtliche Werke, Kritische Gesamtausgabe – Band 7: VII. Symphonie E-Dur (Originalfassung), Bruckner-Verlag, Robert Haas (editor), Leipzig, 1944
- Anton Bruckner: Sämtliche Werke: Band VII: VII. Symphonie E-Dur 1883, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Leopold Nowak (editor), Vienna, 1954/2003
External links
- {{IMSLP|work=Symphony No.7 in E major, WAB 107 (Bruckner, Anton)|cname=Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)}}
- [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/alr4543/index.html Free score (Gutmann edition)] from the Indiana University School of Music
- [https://www.mwv.at/content/show/32-VIISymphonieE-Dur/ Anton Bruckner Critical Complete Edition – Symphony No. 7 in E major]
- [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6423446 Third movement (scherzo) from Symphony No. 7] on an NPR segment
- [http://www.abruckner.com/discography/symphonyno7inemajo/ Complete discography by John Berky]
- [http://patachonf.free.fr/musique/bruckner/7e.php Another discography with reviews in French]
- [http://bruckner.webs.com/versions.html#sym7 Symphony versions by David Griegel]
- [http://www.abruckner.com/Data/articles/articlesEnglish/carragantimed/symphonyno7/b7_timing_analysis.pdf Symphony No. 7 – Timing analysis], William Carragan
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