Symphysops

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossil_range|463|444|Middle to Upper Ordovician}}

| image = Cyclopigid cephalon lateral CRF.jpg

| image_caption = probably Symphysops stevaninae, cephalon 24mm long, lateral view, found near Alnif, Morocco, from the Ordovician

| taxon = Symphysops

| authority = Raymond, 1925

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = See text

}}

Symphysops is a genus of trilobites of average size, belonging to the Cyclopygidae family. It had a cosmopolitan distribution and lived from the Middle to the Upper Ordovician (Llanvirn to Ashgill). It has been found in Canada (Quebec and Newfoundland), China, the Czech Republic (Bohemia), Iran, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Poland, Morocco, Spain, Scotland and Wales.Whittington, H. B. et al. Part O, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Revised, Volume 1 – Trilobita – Introduction, Order Agnostida, Order Redlichiida. 1997 The name Symphysops refers to the fused eyes, common to the species of this genus. Some (sub)species of the cyclopygid genera Cyclopyge and Pricyclopyge share this character, but Symphysops uniquely combines the merged eye with a frontal thorn on the head and the "lower eyelid".

Etymology

Symphysops is the combination of the Ancient Greek σύν (syn) "together", φύσις (physis) "growth" and ὄψις (opsis) "sight", referring to the fused eyes.{{cite web|website= wiktionary|title= σύν|url= https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD}}{{cite web|website= wiktionary|title= φύσις|url= https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82}}{{cite web|website= wiktionary|title= ὄψις|url= https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82|access-date= 2024-12-25|archive-date= 2024-10-03|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241003214956/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CF%88%CE%B9%CF%82|url-status= live}}{{cn|date=July 2018}}{{or|date=July 2018}}

Description

File:Symphysopsis eyes frontal.jpg File:Symphysopsis eyes oblique.jpgSymphysops is characterized by large eyes that merge at the front of the headshield (or cephalon) to form what looks like a visor with at the back a wide free cheek. The remainder of the cephalon is filled by the glabella, which in most species extends into a forward pointing thorn at its frontal tip. The occipital ring cannot be distinguish from the rest of the glabella, which has two pair of transverse furrows, the rear pair distinct, and the frontal pair very shallow. The thorax consists of six segments, the frontal segment carrying backward directed pleural spines.{{cite journal |last1=López-Soriano |first1=F.J. |last2=Corbacho |first2=J. |year=2012 |title=A new species of Symphysops from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco [Una nueva especie de Symphysops del Ordovícico Superior de Marruecos] |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265168323 |journal=Battaleria |volume=17 |pages=1–8 |accessdate=14 June 2013}}

Ecology

Symphysops has features typically associated with a pelagic lifestyle, among which very large eyes, compact thorax and indications of strong musculature. In some later cyclopygids, progressive enlargement resulted in the anterior fusion of their eyes. Given the weight of the dorsal exoskeleton, it is likely cyclopygids swam upside down, not unlike some extant crustaceans with pelagic lifestyles.

Symphysops is often found in the company of other pelagic trilobites such as Cyclopyge, Degamella, Opipeuterella and Carolinites.

Species

S. armatus (Barrande, 1872) (type) synonym Aeglina armata
S. dejhaglensis Kolova, 1936
S. mitrata (Novak, 1883) synonym Aeglina mitrata{{cite journal|last= Novak|first= O.|year= 1883|title= Zur Kenntnis der böhmischen Trilobiten|journal= Beiträge zur Paläontology von Österreich- Ungarns und des Orients|volume= 3|issue= 1–2|pages= 23–83|url= http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/BPalOeU_003_0023-0063.pdf|accessdate= 14 June 2013|archive-date= 11 December 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151211020009/http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/BPalOeU_003_0023-0063.pdf|url-status= live}}
S. sinensis Han, 1983
S. spinifera Cooper & Kindle, 1936
S. stevaninae López-Soriano & Corbacho, 2012
S. subarmatus (Reed, 1914)''
S. subarmatus subarmatus
S. subarmatus elongatus Kielan, 1959
S. sulcatus (Barrande, 1872) synonym Aeglina sulcata