Synalpheus

Although the genus Zuzalpheus was proposed for S. gambarelloides, S. brooksi, and their closest relatives, this has not been adopted and is not considered a monophyletic clade within the genus Synalpheus.{{cite journal |author=Rubén Ríos & J. Emmett Duffy |year=2007 |title=A review of the sponge-dwelling snapping shrimp from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize, with description of Zuzalpheus, new genus, and six new species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1602 |pages=1–89 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2007f/zt01602p089.pdf |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1602.1.1 |doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |author=J. Emmett Duffy |author2=Cheryl L. Morrison |author3=Rubén Ríos |year=2000 |title=Multiple origins of eusociality among sponge-dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus) |journal=Evolution |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=503–516 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00053.x |url=http://www.vims.edu/bio/mobee/Duffyetal2000.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030607032341/http://www.vims.edu/bio/mobee/Duffyetal2000.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-06-07 |pmid=10937227 |s2cid=1088840 }}{{cite journal |author=Margarita Hermoso-Salazar |author2=Mary Wicksten |author3=Juan J. Morrone |year=2008 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of the Paulsoni species group (Decapoda: Alpheidae) from the American Pacific, with implications for the phylogenetic classification of the genus Synalpheus |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1744 |pages=19–30 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01744p030f.pdf |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1744.1.2 }}

Over 160 species are recognised in the genus Synalpheus. For a complete listing, see List of Synalpheus species.

In the narrower sense, Synalpheus occur in the eastern Pacific where they are most plentiful and probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean; the species placed in Zuzalpheus occur mainly in the western Atlantic where their lineage probably originated, and to a lesser extent in the eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean, and the eastern Pacific. It may thus be that the closure of the Isthmus of Panama in the Piacenzian (about 3 million years ago) was a key factor in separating the two lineages, as species referred to Synalpheus sensu stricto are most plentiful in the western Pacific.

The snapping behaviour of Synalpheus is rather well studied. In Synalpheus parneomeris, peak to peak source levels of 185–190 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m were measured, depending on the size of the claw.{{cite journal |author=W. W. L. Au |author2=K. Banks |year=1998 |title=The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay |journal=Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1121/1.423234|bibcode=1998ASAJ..103...41A }}

The only known eusocial aquatic species occur within the genus Synalpheus. The species known to be eusocial are S. brooksi, S. chacei, S. elizabethae, S. filidigitus, S. rathbunae, S. regalis, S. microneptunus,{{cite journal|last1=Hultgren|first1=Kristin M.|last2=Macdonald III|first2=Kenneth s|last3=Duffy|first3=J. Emmett|title=Sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Alpheidae: Synalpheus) of Barbados, West Indies, with a description of a new eusocial species|journal=Zootaxa|date=2011|volume=2834|pages=1–16|url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/37034/37034.pdf|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2834.1.1}} and S. duffyi as well as potentially S. riosi.{{cite journal|last1=Anker|first1=Arthur|last2=Toth|first2=Eva|title=A preliminary revision of the Synalpheus paranuptunus Coutiere, 1909 species complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)|journal=Zootaxa|date=2008|volume=1915|pages=1–28|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1915.1.1 |s2cid=86215392 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01915p028f.pdf}} Eusociality has evolved at least three times within Synalpheus.{{cite journal|last1=Morrison|first1=Cheryl L|last2=Rios|first2=Ruben|last3=Duffy|first3=J Emmett|title=Phylogenetic evidence for an ancient rapid radiation of Caribbean sponge-dwelling snapping shrimps (Synalpheus)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|date=May 2004|volume=30|issue=3|pages=563–581|doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00252-5|pmid=15012939}} It appears that there were multiple rapid radiations between 3 and 9 mya from which the ancestors of these eusocial species appeared. Eusociality is thought to have arisen due to competition for space, because among the species that host Synalpheus, empty sponges are rarely found.{{cite journal|last1=Macdonald III|first1=Kenneth S.|last2=Rios|first2=Ruben|last3=Duffy|first3=J. Emmett|title=Biodiversity, host specificity, and dominance by eusocial species among sponge-dwelling alpheid shrimp on the Belize Barrier Reef|journal=Diversity and Distributions|date=23 February 2006|volume=12|issue=2|pages=165–178|doi=10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00213.x|s2cid=44096968 |url=https://scholarworks.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2862&context=vimsarticles|doi-access=free}} It also appears that kin selection was necessary for this evolution to occur because the only species in which eusociality has appeared are non-dispersing shrimp that hatch directly into crawling individuals.{{cite journal|last1=Duffy|first1=J. Emmett|last2=Macdonald|first2=Kenneth S.|title=Kin structure, ecology and the evolution of social organization in shrimp: a comparative analysis|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=4 November 2009|volume=277|issue=1681|doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1483|pmid=19889706|pmc=2842683|pages=575–584}} Until recently, eusocial species of Synalpheus have appeared in far greater abundance than, and appear to outcompete, less social species for space in sponges.{{cite journal|last1=Duffy|first1=J. Emmett|last2=Macdonald III|first2=Kenneth S.|last3=Hultgren|first3=Kristin M.|last4=Chak|first4=Tin Chi Solomon|last5=Rubenstein|first5=Dustin R.|title=Decline and local extinction of Caribbean eusocial shrimp|journal=PLOS ONE|date=13 February 2013|volume=8|issue=2|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054637|pages=e54637|pmid=23418429|pmc=3572134|bibcode=2013PLoSO...854637D|doi-access=free}}

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{{Commons category}}

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Eusociality}}

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{{Authority control}}

Category:Alpheidae

Category:Decapod genera

Category:Taxa named by Charles Spence Bate