Synergistota

{{Short description|Phylum of bacteria}}

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| taxon = Synergistales

| authority = Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009

| parent_authority = Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009

| grandparent_authority = Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009

| greatgrandparent_authority = Jumas-Bilak et al. 2021{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A, Garrity GM | title = Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes | journal = Int J Syst Evol Microbiol | year = 2021 | volume = 71 | issue = 10 | pages = 5056 | doi = 10.1099/ijsem.0.005056 | pmid = 34694987 | url = https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/pubmed/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/ijsem.0.005056| doi-access = free }}

| subdivision_ranks =

| subdivision =

• Acetomicrobiaceae
• Aminiphilaceae
• Aminithiophilaceae
• Aminobacteriaceae
• Dethiosulfovibrionaceae
• Synergistaceae
• Thermosynergistaceae
• Thermovirgaceae

| synonyms =

• "Synergistaeota" Oren et al. 2015
• "Synergistetes" Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009
• "Synergistota" Whitman et al. 2018

}}

The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape.Hugenholtz, P., Hooper, S.D., and Kyrpides, N.C. (2009). Focus: Synergistetes. Environ. Microbiol. 11, 1327–1329.{{cite journal | last1 = Jumas-Bilak | first1 = E. | last2 = Roudiere | first2 = L. | last3 = Marchandin | first3 = H. | year = 2009 | title = Description of 'Synergistetes' phyl. nov. and emended description of the phylum 'Deferribacteres' and of the family Syntrophomonadaceae, phylum 'Firmicutes' | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 59 | pages = 1028–1035 | doi=10.1099/ijs.0.006718-0| doi-access = free }} Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Selection Pressure Rather than Endosymbiosis Likely led to the Evolution of Bacterial Cells with Two Membranes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100: 171–182{{cite journal | last1 = Sutcliffe | first1 = I.C. | year = 2010 | title = A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture | journal = Trends Microbiol | volume = 18 | pages = 464–470 | doi=10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005 | pmid=20637628}} the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis have not yet been detected in Synergistota, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope. The Synergistota inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and wastewater treatment plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of periodontal disease.{{cite journal | last1 = Jumas-Bilak | first1 = E. | last2 = Carlier | first2 = J.P. | last3 = Jean-Pierre | first3 = H. | last4 = Citron | first4 = D. | last5 = Bernard | first5 = K. | last6 = Damay | first6 = A. | last7 = Gay | first7 = B. | last8 = Teyssier | first8 = C. | last9 = Campos | first9 = J. | last10 = Marchandin | first10 = H. | year = 2007 | title = Jonquetella anthropi gen. nov., sp. nov., the first member of the candidate phylum 'Synergistetes' isolated from man | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 57 | pages = 2743–2748 | doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65213-0 | pmid=18048718| doi-access = free }}Vartoukian, S.R., Palmer, R.M., and Wade, W.G. (2007). The division "Synergistes". Anaerobe. 13, 99–106. Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistota are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the microbiome of the umbilicus and in normal vaginal flora.Marchandin, H., Damay, A., Roudiere, L., Teyssier, C., Zorgniotti, I., Dechaud, H., Jean-Pierre, H., and Jumas-Bilak, E. (2010). Phylogeny, diversity and host specialization in the phylum Synergistetes with emphasis on strains and clones of human origin. Res. Microbiol. 161, 91–100. Species within this phylum have also been implicated in periodontal disease,{{cite journal |last=Horz |first=H.P. |author2=D.M. Citron |author3=Y.A. Warren |author4=E.J. Goldstein |author5=G. Conrads |date=August 2006 |title=Synergistes Group Organisms of Human Origin |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=2914–2920 |pmid=16891512 |doi=10.1128/JCM.00568-06 |pmc=1594628 }} gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections. Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of biogas in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas.Riviere, D., Desvignes, V., Pelletier, E., Chaussonnerie, S., Guermazi, S., Weissenbach, J., Li, T., Camacho, P., and Sghir, A. (2009). Towards the definition of a core of microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion of sludge. ISME. J. 3, 700–714. All of the known Synergistota species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales), and family (Synergistaceae).