Tüsheet Khan

{{short description|Historical province of Mongolia}}

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File:Түшээт хан аймаг.png

File:Mongolia 1915.jpg

Tüsheet Khan{{efn|{{bulletedlist|{{langx|mn|{{mongolunicode|ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠶᠡᠲᠦ
ᠬᠠᠨ}} Түшээт хан}} {{IPA|mn|tʰʉɕétʰ χaɴ|}}|{{zh|s=土谢图汗|t=土謝圖汗|p=Tǔxiètú hàn}}}}}} refers to the territory as well as the Chingizid dynastic rulers{{Cite book|title=The Tea Road: China and Russia Meet Across the Steppe|last=Avery|first=Martha|publisher=五洲传播出版社|year=2003|isbn=7508503805|pages=105}}{{quotation needed|date=April 2021}} of the Tüsheet Khanate, one of four Khalka khanates that emerged from remnants of the Mongol Empire after the death of Dayan Khan's son Gersenji in 1549 and which continued until 1930.

Through most of the 17th century, the Tüsheet Khan, along with the Setsen Khan, comprised two Left Wing (or Left Flank) Khalkha Mongol khanates situated in central and eastern areas of present-day Mongolia with the Jasaghtu Khan and the Altan Khan comprising the two Right Wing (western) khanates. The Altan Khan ceased to exist after a series of defeats at the hands of their western neighbors the Oirat Dzungar Khanate in the late 17 century.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&q=tushetu&pg=PA1045|title=Imperial China 900-1800|last=Mote|first=Frederick W.|date=2003-01-01|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674012127|pages=1045|language=en}} The Tüsheet Khan often exerted more influence and power over the other Khans as it occupied most of modern central Mongolia, {{Cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|last=Sanders|first=Alan A. K.|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0810874527|pages=380}} an area that included the Orkhon Valley, the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum, and the religious center of Erdene Zuu.

The 3rd Dalai Lama declared Abtai (1554–1588), grandson of Gersenji, Khan of the Tüsheet following their meeting at Guihua (present day Hohhot) in 1587. In the years leading up to the meeting, Abtai had converted to Buddhism and founded Erdene Zuu, one of Mongolia's first Buddhist monasteries, near the ruins of Karakorum. Following his meeting with the Dalai Lama, Abtai declared Tibetan Buddhism the state religion of his khanate. Zanabazar, the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu (Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leader of Khalkha Mongols) was the son of Tüsheet khan Gombodorj (1594-1655) and the great grandson of Abtai Sain Khan. His migratory palace, the Örgöö, would eventually settle in the location of Mongolia's present day capital Ulaanbaatar.

In 1691, the leaders of the Tüsheet Khan, the Jasaghtu Khan, and the Setsen Khan fled to Inner Mongolia where they pledged fealty to the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty in return for protection against the invading Dzungar (western) Mongolian forces under Galdan Boshugtu Khan.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&q=qing+zanabazar&pg=PA559|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture|last=Bowman|first=John|date=2005-01-22|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231500043|pages=559|language=en}} After the Qing's victory over the Dzungars at the Battle of Jao Modo in 1697,{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire.|last=Atwood|first=Christopher|publisher=University of Indiana|year=2004|isbn=0816046719|location=Bloomington|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo/page/194}} the three khanates became provincial subdivisions or aimags of the Manchus and their respective khans were made nominal leaders.{{Cite book|title=The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions|last=Rawski|first=Evelyn|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=052092679X|pages=69}} The area of Tüsheet Khan aimag was also called "Khalka Rear Zam" ({{langx|mn|Халхын хойт зам}}, {{zh|t=喀爾喀後路}}) by Qing dynasty. In 1725, the Qing created a fourth aimag, Sain Noyon Aimag, carved out of 19 khoshuu (sub-districts) in western Tüsheet Khan Aimag. Since 1728, each aimag was governed by aimag congress chigulgan ({{lang|mn|чуулган}}) comprising the lords of the khoshuns; the chigulgan daruga ({{lang|mn|чуулган дарга}} - official presiding the congress) was appointed from the khoshun lords by the Qing government. the congress of Tüsheet Khan aimag was called the "Khan uulyn chuulgan" ({{lang|mn|Хан уулын чуулган}}, {{lang|zh-hant|汗阿林盟}}), which was held every three years in Bogd Khan Mountain.

In 1923, following the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, the Tüsheet Khan aimag was renamed Bogd Khan uuliin aimag ({{lang|mn|Богд Хан уулын аймаг}}), which named after the Bogd Khan Mountain.{{cite web | title =Сэцэн хан аймаг |url = https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/121 |website=Монголын түүх|language=mn}}[https://www.amantuuh.socanth.cam.ac.uk/pages/timeline.php The Oral History of Twentieth Century Mongolia] In 1930, the four aimags were divided into the present day 21 smaller aimags, which were subdivided into sums.