Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau

File:Mt_Roskill_from_Howell_Crescent_(cropped).jpg

In 2014, the Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Deed passed into law. Through the Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the Crown and the Tāmaki Collective, ownership of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga, was vested to the collective.{{Cite web |title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 12 April 2022), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/whole.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Ben |date=2019-11-13 |title=Who really owns Ōwairaka? |url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/auckland/13-11-2019/who-really-owns-owairaka |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=The Spinoff }}

The legislation specified that the land be held in trust "for the common benefit of Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau and the other people of Auckland". The Tūpuna Taonga Trust is the legal entity set up to receive the cultural redress over the maunga on behalf of the collective, with a primary focus of "enduring protection and appropriate use of the Tūpuna Maunga for generations to come".{{Cite web |title=Ngā Kōrero |url=https://www.maunga.nz/about-us/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=www.maunga.nz |language=en-GB}}

The Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau Authority, or Tūpuna Maunga Authority (TMA), is the co-governance organisation established to administer the 14 Tūpuna Maunga. The TMA is composed equally of members from the Tāmaki Collective and from Auckland Council, together with a Crown (non-voting) representative. Auckland Council manages the Tūpuna Maunga under the direction of the TMA. The Tūpuna Maunga Authority has 13 members: two each are appointed by the Marutūāhu, Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua Tāmaki rōpū; six are appointed by the Auckland Council; and a single, non-voting member is appointed by the Minister for Arts, Culture and Heritage.{{Cite web |title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 12 April 2022), Public Act 107 Membership – New Zealand Legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/DLM5322634.html |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}

In 2022, following a legal dispute over the TMA's plans to fell exotic trees on Ōwairaka / Mount Albert, the Court of Appeal found that the authority and council had acted unlawfully in not seeking public consultation.{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Adam |date=2022-03-03 |title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree removal: Court of Appeal rules in favour of protesters |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/127949768/wairakamt-albert-tree-removal-court-of-appeal-rules-in-favour-of-protesters |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Stuff |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Ryan |date=2022-06-28 |title=Ōwairaka / Mt Albert tree removal: Maunga authority loses Supreme Court bid |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/300623768/wairaka--mt-albert-tree-removal-maunga-authority-loses-supreme-court-bid |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Stuff |language=en}} In seeking leave to appeal to the Supreme Court, TMA chairman Paul Majurey noted that it was "the first time that the courts have been able to consider the powers of a co-governance entity created through a Te Tiriti o Waitangi settlement".{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Adam |date=2022-03-30 |title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree removal: Maunga authority seeks Supreme Court appeal |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/128218046/wairakamt-albert-tree-removal-maunga-authority-seeks-supreme-court-appeal |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=Stuff |language=en}}

File:One Tree Hill, Auckland, March 2015.jpg visible]]

The 13 iwi and hapū of the Tāmaki collective, by rōpū are:

• Marutūāhu Rōpū: Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Tamaterā, Ngāti Whanaunga, Te Patukirikiri
• Ngāti Whātua Rōpū: Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara, Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei, Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua
• Waiohua Tāmaki Rōpū: Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki, Ngāti Tamaoho, Ngāti Te Ata, Te Ākitai Waiohua, Te Kawerau ā Maki.

File: North Head, New Zealand.jpg and the Hauraki Gulf beyond.]]

The 14 Tūpuna Maunga, as referred to by Auckland Council and the TMA, are:

• Matukutūruru / Wiri Mountain
• Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill
• Maungarei / Mount Wellington
• Maungawhau / Mount Eden
• Maungauika / North Head
• Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mount Albert
• Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson
• Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain
• Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond
• Pukewīwī / Puketāpapa / Mount Roskill
• Rarotonga / Mount Smart
• Te Kōpuke / Tītīkōpuke / Mount St John
• Takarunga / Mount Victoria
• Te Tātua a Riukiuta / Big King.

Māngere Mountain and the Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill northern land remains in Crown ownership, but are administered through the TMA.

File:Maungakiekie_One_Tree_Hill,_1845.jpg or tōtara tree, that gave the maunga its English name.]]

With the passing of the 2014 Redress Act, 11 of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga were given official names.

Three are officially single Māori names:

• Matukutūruru
• Maungauika
• Te Tātua-a-Riukiuta

Eight are officially dual Māori and English names:

• Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill
• Maungarei / Mount Wellington
• Maungawhau / Mount Eden
• Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson
• Ōhuiarangi / Pigeon Mountain
• Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond
• Rarotonga / Mount Smart
• Takarunga / Mount Victoria

Due to difficulties resolving more than one Māori name, three of the 14 Tūpuna Maunga retained their English names in the Act, but have no official names:

• Mount Albert{{LINZ|id=54557

|name=Ōwairaka

|access-date=21 July 2022}}

• Mount Roskill{{LINZ|id=54562|name=54562 |access-date=2022-07-22}}
• Mount St John{{LINZ|id=54563|name=54563 |access-date=2022-07-22}}{{Cite web |title=Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014 No 52 (as at 12 April 2022), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2014/0052/latest/whole.html |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}{{Cite web |title=Maori names for volcanic cones |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/volcanic-cones-regain-maori-names/BVX5NYA6ISXTYYMAZMPH6QFOVA/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}}

File:Mount_Albert_Ōwairaka_1845.jpg

Tāmaki Māori {{Lang|mi|pūrākau}} (legend) describe the creation of the Auckland volcanic field, including the Tūpuna Maunga, as a creation of Mataaho (the guardian of the earth's secrets) and his brother Rūaumoko (the god of earthquakes and volcanoes), made as a punishment against a tribe of patupaiarehe (supernatural beings) living in the Waitākere Ranges, who used deadly magic from the earth to defeat a war party of patupaiarehe from the Hunua Ranges.{{Cite web |title=Mataaho |url=http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030340/http://www.maori.org.nz/korero/default.php?pid=sp61&parent=55 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=12 September 2021 |website=maori.org.nz}}{{Cite web |last1=Pegman |first1=David M |date=August 2007 |title=The Volcanoes of Auckland |url=http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324071550/http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=6 October 2021 |work=Manukau City Council |publisher=Mangere Mountain Education Centre}}

For Māori, the Tūpuna Maunga were significant places used for settlement, agriculture, battles, marriages, birth and burial. Most were occupied by substantial Māori pā (fortifications) before Pākehā settlement, their slopes and summits modified by digging by hand, probably over several generations, to form terraces, ditches, banks, and pits, for living, gardening and defence. Many of these culturally and archeologically significant remnants are still visible, however post-1840, some were strongly altered through quarrying of construction materials, especially scoria. Today, they are preserved as treasured landmarks and parks.{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Auckland Volcanic Fields |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg_friendly_print.cfm?cid=326&id=5120& |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Volcanic Auckland |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/volcanic-auckland/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=New Zealand Geographic |language=en-NZ}}

File:Mount hobson Auckland kumara pits.jpg pits at Ōhinerau / Mount Hobson.]]

The TMA's Integrated Management Plan{{Cite web|date=19 July 2022 |title=Tūpuna Maunga o Tāmaki Makaurau, Integrated Management Plan |url=https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/docstupunamaungaimp/tupuna-maunga-integrated-management-plan-part1.pdf |journal= |publisher=Tūpuna Maunga Authority}} directs the future management of the Tūpuna Maunga, produced with local government boards and communities capturing and enhancing the unique qualities of each maunga. It also lists the current activities being undertaken at each maunga. In 2022 those included:

• Cultural activities
• Commercial activities
• Residential tenancy activities
• Community groups and education activities
• Guided tours / concessions
• Sports organised groups
• Sports fields
• Tennis court
• Public car parking area
• Public vehicle access
• Public toilet facilities
• Play grounds
• Plaques / monument
• Military structures
• Trig stations
• Dogs
• Grazing
• Above ground and underground reservoirs
• Above ground wastewater pipelines and fittings

The TMA publishes an annual Tūpuna Maunga Operational Plan, as required by the Ngā Mana Whenua o Tāmaki Makaurau Collective Redress Act 2014, which outlines the work the council will undertake in the year ahead, as directed by the TMA.{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Tūpuna Maunga Operational Plan 2022/23 |url=https://www.maunga.nz/assets/Operational-Plan-PDFs/DRAFT-A-TMA-Operational-Plan-2022-to-2023.pdf |journal= |publisher=Tūpuna Maunga Authority}}

File:Maungarei Road Barrier.jpg

From 2016 to 2019, due to the spiritual and cultural significance of the maunga to Māori, and for pedestrian safety, summit roads to six of the maunga were permanently closed to most motor vehicles, including motorbikes and scooters. Pedestrians, cyclists and people with limited mobility can still use the summit roads.

The six maunga whose roads were closed are:

• Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill
• Maungarei / Mt Wellington
• Maungawhau / Mt Eden
• Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mt Albert
• Pukewīwī / Puketāpapa / Mt Roskill
• Takarunga / Mt Victoria.{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Marika |date=16 January 2016 |title=Work already underway to block Mt Eden's summit road to cars before ban in place |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/75952874/work-already-underway-to-block-mt-edens-summit-road-to-cars-before-ban-in-place |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Stuff |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Owairaka the sixth and final maunga closed to cars |url=https://tewahanui.nz/auckland-issues/owairaka-the-sixth-and-final-maunga-closed-to-cars |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=tewahanui.nz}}{{Cite web |last=Council |first=Auckland |title=Changes to vehicle access on Tūpuna Maunga |url=http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/changes-vehicle-access-tupuna-maunga.aspx |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Auckland Council |language=en}}

In 2019, the 1926 Spanish Mission-style tearoom on Maungawhau / Mount Eden was converted into Whau Cafe and the Te Ipu Kōrero o Maungawhau / Mount Eden Visitor Experience Centre. The centre showcases the geological and Māori cultural history of the maunga.{{Cite web |title=Boardwalk empire: New chapter for historic Mt Eden volcano |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/go-nz-mt-edens-boardwalk-caps-off-new-chapter-for-maungawhau-volcano/5MBEZ4BFYJ4RFK2LCB3P24GOWM/ |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}}

In 2020, boardwalks were opened around the Maungawhau / Mount Eden crater rim, to protect the pā tūāpapa (terraces) and rua kūmara (kūmara storage pits) on the summit's upper slopes. Views from the boardwalk into the deep crater and over Auckland city are spectacular.

File:Mount_Albert_Ōwairaka_Native_Trees.jpeg and pōhutukawa trees growing on Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mount Albert. More than half the current tree canopy are natives.{{cite web|title=Ōwairaka / Mount Albert trees|url=https://www.waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/Ōwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees|website=waateanews.com|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104064332/https://waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/%C5%8Cwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees|archive-date=4 January 2020}}]]

As part of a large works plan to restore the maunga, including native vegetation and native wildlife habitats, the TMA planned to plant than 74,000 new native trees and shrubs on them by 2021. In 12 months during 2018–2019, 19,000 of these were planted on the Tūpuna Maunga.{{Cite web |title=Nearly 75,000 native trees, shrubs to be planted on Auckland's volcanic cones |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2019/08/19/nearly-75000-native-trees-shrubs-to-be-planted-on-aucklands-volcanic-cones/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=1 News |language=en}}

The TMA plans to remove 345 exotic trees and plant 13,000 new native trees and plants on Ōwairaka / Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura / Mount Albert. Many of the exotic trees are classified as pest or weed species under the Auckland Regional Pest Management Strategy. The work also aims to preserve and enhance sightlines between Auckland's maunga. The work had resource consent, the support of ecologists, arborists, Auckland Council, the Tree Council, Forest and Bird and the Tāmaki Collective.{{cite web |title=Ōwairaka / Mount Albert trees |url=https://www.waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/Ōwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200104064332/https://waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjMxMjI/Paakiwaha/%C5%8Cwairaka-/-Mount-Albert-Trees |archive-date=4 January 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=waateanews.com}}

In November 2019 a group of protesters blocked the removal of exotic trees, voicing concerns for exotic and native fauna and flora.{{cite web |title=Meet the activists trying to stop native trees being planted on Mt Albert |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/11/meet-the-activists-trying-to-stop-native-trees-being-planted-on-mt-albert.amp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221204831/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2019/11/meet-the-activists-trying-to-stop-native-trees-being-planted-on-mt-albert.amp.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 21, 2020 |access-date=4 January 2020 |website=Newshub }} In December 2020, the High Court found the TMA and Auckland Council had both acted lawfully, allowing the native restoration plans to proceed.{{cite web |title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree war heads to High Court as Auckland citizens take on Tūpuna Maunga Authority |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/owairakamt-albert-tree-war-heads-to-high-court-as-auckland-citizens-take-on-tupuna-maunga-authority/UJJABZUFJO4RUXAIHJ2UJOKP7I/ |access-date=23 December 2020 |website=The New Zealand Herald}}{{cite news |last=Jacobson |first=Adam |date=3 March 2022 |title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree removal: Court of Appeal rules in favour of protesters |publisher=Stuff |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/127949768/wairakamt-albert-tree-removal-court-of-appeal-rules-in-favour-of-protesters}}{{Cite web |title=Ōwairaka/Mt Albert tree fight goes full circle |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/kahu/owairakamt-albert-tree-fight-goes-full-circle/AO5ZGUBL75PNJP5NOCIKG3HMOY/ |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}} In March 2022, the Court of Appeal found that the TMA plan breached the Reserves Act and did not appropriately consult with the public. Consequently, the Resource Consent was 'set aside'. In June, the Supreme Court refused to hear an application by the TMA to appeal the decision. The TMA noted "the Court of Appeal did not decide against tree removal, rather the legal process to be followed."

In 2022, the TMA received a $3m funding boost to work with the Department of Conservation / Te Papa Atawhai to eliminate pests on the Tūpuna Maunga over the following three years, creating 39 full-time jobs, and allowing native flora and fauna to flourish.{{Cite web |last=Perich |first=Bronson |last2=Reporter |first2=Te Karere |title=Pest control focus of funding boost to Auckland maunga authority |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/05/04/pest-control-focus-of-funding-boost-to-auckland-maunga-authority/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=1 News |language=en}}

{{wide image|File:Tūpuna Maunga Panorama.JPG|1200px|Eight Tūpuna Maunga visible in a panorama view from Maungawhau / Mount Eden.}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.maunga.nz%7C Tūpuna Maunga Authority]
• [https://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/about-auckland-council/how-auckland-council-works/kaupapa-maori/comanagement-authorities-boards/tupuna-maunga-tamaki-makaurau-authority/Pages/tupuna-maunga-significance-history.aspx Auckland Council]

Category:2014 establishments in New Zealand

Category:Māori culture in Auckland

Category:Auckland volcanic field

Category:Landforms of the Auckland Region

Category:Mountains of the Auckland Region

Category:Parks in the Auckland Region

Category:Tourist attractions in the Auckland Region