TAMAR Education Project

File:Trauma-group-hug.jpg

The TAMAR Education Project is a manualized 10-week mental health intervention for justice-involved women and men with histories of psychological trauma which combines

psycho-educational approaches and expressive therapies.{{citation|author=SAMHSA GAINS Center|title=Trauma-specific interventions for justice-involved individuals|date=2011|url=http://mha.ohio.gov/Portals/0/assets/Initiatives/TIC/Justice/Trauma%20Specific%20Interventions%20for%20Justice%20Involved%20Individuals.pdf|access-date=12 February 2017}} It is designed for clients who have a recent treatment history for a mental health condition, a substance use disorder, and a history of physical and/or sexual abuse.{{citation|first=Marcia|last=Hirsch|title=Managing a trauma-informed courtroom|date=4 August 2014|url=https://isc.idaho.gov/psc/conferences/2014/Managing%20a%20Trauma-Informed%20Courtroom-08.14.pptx|access-date=12 February 2017}} TAMAR Groups have been implemented inside detention centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and in the community.{{citation|title=Trauma-Informed Approach and Trauma-Specific Interventions|date=14 August 2015|website=SAMHSA|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/nctic/trauma-interventions|access-date=16 February 2017}}{{PD-notice}}

TAMAR is an acronym for Trauma, Addiction, Mental Health, and Recovery. but its meaning has also been connected to the Tamar described in the Hebrew Bible as well as a Middle-Eastern palm tree known for its flexibility and strength.{{citation|last1=Gillece|first1=Joan|last2=Williams|first2=Steven|title=The Maryland model: What happens when mental health, substance abuse and corrections collaborate|date=2004|url=http://womenandchildren.treatment.org.192-185-6-37.secure18.win.hostgator.com/media/presentations/a-5/Gillece&Williams.ppt|access-date=12 February 2017}}Cf. {{cite encyclopedia|title=Strong's Concordance|article=8558. tamar|url=http://biblehub.com/hebrew/8558.htm|accessdate=16 February 2017}}

History

Program development for the TAMAR Project began in October 1998{{cite web|title=The TAMAR Project|website=Consensus Project|publisher=Council of State Governments|url=http://consensusproject.org/programs/one?program_id=134&searchlink=%2fprograms%2fsearch%3f%26show_p%3dt%26consensus_op%3dge%26order_by%3dtitle%26dir%3dasc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040822094444/http://consensusproject.org/programs/one?program_id=134&searchlink=%2Fprograms%2Fsearch%3F&show_p=t&consensus_op=ge&order_by=title&dir=asc|archive-date=22 August 2004|url-status=dead}} by the Sidran Institute of Towson, Maryland{{citation|last=Giller|first=Esther|title=CV|date=30 October 2008|url=http://www.riskingconnection.com/rc_pdfs/WhoWeAre_Page/CVs/Giller2_CV.pdf}} as one of nine sites funded through the first phase of the SAMHSA Women, Co-Occurring Disorders and Violence Study from 1998 to 2000.{{citation|first=Andrea|last=Karfigin|title=Attachment and reunification: Building parenting skills|date=September 2002|publisher=SAMHSA GAINS Center|series=Justice-involved women with co-occurring disorders and their children|url=https://secure.addictioncounselorce.com/articles/101292/AttachmentReunification.pdf#page=2|access-date=12 February 2017}} This pilot project was designed for "incarcerated women who have histories of abuse trauma."{{cite journal|first=Ellen|last=Alderton|title=Sidran Institute Advocates for Trauma Victims|journal=Consumer Supporter News|date=September–October 2002|page=3|url=http://applepiewriting.com/Documents/CS02SeptemberOctober.pdf#page=3}} In July 2000, the program expanded to serve eight counties. The Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Administration continued to fund the project in 2001 after the SAMHSA pilot grant was no longer available. TAMAR was first adapted and implemented for men on July 1, 2001. In fiscal year 2002, the program served over 700 individuals. By September 2004, it was still implemented only in those eight counties and was serving approximately 350 individuals per year. However, since then it has been implemented throughout the state of Maryland, at Fulton State Hospital of Missouri, the Correctional Center of Northwest Ohio, and the Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery–Priority to Veterans Program in Rhode Island.Cf. {{citation|author=SAMHSA National GAINS Center|title=Jail Diversion and Trauma Recovery – Priority to Veterans|date=February 2011|location=Delmar, NY|publisher=Author|url=http://www.ncdsv.org/images/SAMHSA-GAINS_JailDiversionTraumaRecoveryPriorityToVets_2-2011.pdf}}

Content

The TAMAR Education Project is intended to provide clients with insight on trauma, its developmental effects on symptoms and current functioning, symptom appraisal and management, the impact of early chaotic relationships on healthcare needs, the development of coping skills, preventive education concerning pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, sexuality, and help in dealing with role loss and parenting issues. While this is an intervention in itself, it can also serve as preparation for more in-depth treatment. Participants are encouraged to share their stories with one another as well as engaging in expressive activities such as art therapy and journal writing.

The TAMAR Project requires collaboration, with education for not only the target population, but also trauma training for jail guards and probation officers. Training for correctional staff includes understanding trauma, vicarious traumatization, avoiding burnout, the prevalence of abuse among offenders, mental health issues, substance abuse issues, psychological crisis management. This training is also reciprocated, with correctional officers training involved social service agencies in the "language of corrections."

Outcomes

Among pilot project participants, the recidivism rate was less than 3%. Anecdotal reports confirm this significant decline in recidivism for participants.{{citation|first=Joan|last=Gillece|date=September 2002|title=Leaving jail: Service linkage & community re-entry for mothers with co-occurring disorders.|editor1-last=Davidson|editor1-first=S.|editor2-last=Hills|editor2-first=H.|series=Justice-involved women with co-occurring disorders and their children|location=Delmar, NY|publisher=SAMHSA GAINS Center|url=http://www.addictioncounselorce.com/articles/101293/LeavingJail.pdf}} No rigorous studies had been published on the effectiveness of TAMAR as of 2011.

Adaptations

= TAMAR's children =

TAMAR's Children was developed in 2001 as a multi-agency collaboration to provide comprehensive inpatient and community-based supports for justice-involved pregnant and postpartum women who have co-occurring mental and substance use disorders with trauma histories.

{{citation|author=SAMHSA GAINS Center|title=The Maryland experience: Creative funding and cutting-edge programs serve people with co-occurring disorders in contact with the justice system|date=2004|url=http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MarylandExperience.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217144823/http://www.floridatac.com/files/document/MarylandExperience.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 17, 2017|access-date=12 February 2017}}

The program includes a psycho-educational/psycho-therapeutic process where women identify "their strengths and capabilities as mothers, allowing them to raise healthier, more resilient children, and to reintegrate their lives". Funding for TAMAR's children came from SAMHSA's Build Mentally Healthy Communities Grant, the HUD's Shelter Plus Care Grant, the Open Society Institute, the Abell Foundation, and DOJ Residential Substance Abuse Treatment funds.

= Military =

TAMAR has been adapted for men in the military. This program consists of 11 sessions on the following topics:

What is Trauma
PTSD and TBI
What is Battlemind
Adjusting to Cultural Change
Risky Behavior
Trauma and Addiction
Containment
Containment (continued)
Tolerating Stress
Self Soothing
Wrap Up and Graduation{{citation |last1=Roy|first1=Corinna|last2=Prideaux|first2=Caren|date=12 June 2012|title=TAMAR: Trauma, Addiction, Mental Health And Recovery|url=http://www.bhddh.ri.gov/misc/pdf/OperationImmersionDocs/Prideaux_TAMAR.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906052759/http://www.bhddh.ri.gov/misc/pdf/OperationImmersionDocs/Prideaux_TAMAR.pdf|archive-date=6 September 2015|url-status=dead}}

Funding

The majority of funding for TAMAR implementations has come from federal sources, including a Byrne Memorial Grant, a HUD Shelter Plus Care grant, PATH funds, a TAMAR Project grant, and money for participating in the SAMHSA (CSAT and CMHS) Jail Diversion Knowledge

Development and Application Initiative. Additional funding has been provided by local sources including local governments, detention centers, and local social service agencies.{{citation |first1=Janine|last1=Zweig|first2=Megan|last2=Schaffer|first3=Gretchen|last3=Moore|date=September 2004|title=Addressing Co-occurring Mental Health and Substance Abuse Disorders in the Criminal Justice System: Guiding Principles and District of Columbia Practices|publisher=Urban Institute|url=http://cjcc.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/cjcc/publication/attachments/FullReportCJCCSubstanceAbuseDisorder.pdf}}