TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402
{{Short description|1996 aviation accident in Brazil}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| name = TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402
| image = Fokker 100 (F-28-0100) - TAM - PT-MRK (1996).jpg
| alt =
| caption = PT-MRK, the aircraft involved in the accident
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|1996|10|31|df=y}}
| summary = Uncommanded thrust reverser deployment after takeoff; improper pilot reaction
| site = Jabaquara, near São Paulo–Congonhas Airport, São Paulo, Brazil
| coordinates = {{coord|23|38|46|S|46|38|51|W|source:wikimapia|display=inline,title}}
| total_fatalities = 99
| ground_fatalities = 4
| aircraft_type = Fokker 100
| aircraft_name =
| operator = TAM Linhas Aéreas
| IATA = JJ402
| ICAO = TAM402
| callsign = TAM 402
| tail_number = PT-MRK
| origin = Hugo Cantergiani Regional Airport, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| stopover0 = São Paulo–Congonhas Airport, São Paulo, Brazil
| last_stopover = Santos Dumont Airport, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| destination = Recife International Airport, Recife, Brazil
| occupants = 95
| passengers = 89
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 95
| survivors = 0
}}
TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402 was a scheduled domestic flight from Caxias do Sul, Brazil, to Recife International Airport in Recife, via São Paulo–Congonhas International Airport and Santos Dumont Airport in Rio de Janeiro. On 31 October 1996, at 8:27 (UTC-2), the starboard engine of the Fokker 100 operating the route reversed thrust while the aircraft was climbing away from the runway at Congonhas. The aircraft stalled and rolled beyond control to the right, then struck two buildings and crashed into several houses in a heavily populated area only 25 seconds after takeoff. All 95 people on board were killed, as well as another 4 on the ground. It is the fourth deadliest accident in Brazilian aviation history, the second at the time. It is also the deadliest aviation accident involving a Fokker 100.{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Aircraft accident Fokker 100 PT-MRK São Paulo – Congonhas Airport, SP (CGH) |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19961031-0 |access-date=2019-03-31 |website=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation}}{{cite book|last1=César|first1=Carlos Ari|title=O rastro da bruxa: história da aviação comercial brasileira no século XX através dos seus acidentes 1928-1996|last2=da Silva|first2=Germano|publisher=EDIPUCRS|year=2008|isbn=978-85-7430-760-2|edition=2|place=Porto Alegre|pages=376–81|language=pt|trans-title=The witch trail: history of Brazilian commercial aviation in the 20th century through its accidents 1928-1996|chapter=Vinte e quatro segundos}}{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Brazil air safety profile |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=PP |access-date=2019-03-31 |work=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation}}{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |title=Fokker 100 |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/Fokker-100/ |access-date=2019-03-31 |work=Aviation Safety Network |publisher=Flight Safety Foundation}}
Aircraft
The aircraft involved was a Fokker 100 with the registration PT-MRK. The aircraft had accumulated more than 8,000 flying hours. The Fokker 100 was a mid-sized, twin-engine jetliner. It was developed from the F-28 airliner and had a longer fuselage, greater wingspan, and more powerful engines. The first prototype flew in 1986 and deliveries began in 1988. The Fokker 100 was popular because it had many innovative features, including electronic flight instrument systems and fuel-efficient engines. However, the airline crisis in the 1990s and competition from other aircraft, like the CRJ200 and Embraer ERJ 145, hurt sales. Although production of the Fokker 100 stopped, many of the aircraft remain in airline service today. The Fokker 100's design influenced modern airliners like the 737 MAX and Airbus's Airbus A320neo. For more, see Fokker 100, or the aircraft manufacturer, Fokker.
Accident
File:Klm f100 ph-kle arp.jpg on a Fokker 100 of a type similar to the accident aircraft, with thrust reverser actuated.]]
The safety system cable, responsible for pulling the power lever to the idle position, was no longer able to withstand the physical strain of being pulled one way by the actuator, while the copilot forced it the other way by pushing the throttle lever to the fully open position — the cable soon parted at a maintenance connection. With the lever no longer restrained by the safety system, the copilot continued to hold the right throttle fully open. The combination of the right engine at full thrust in reverse and the left engine still at normal forward take-off thrust caused the aircraft to roll violently to the right and descend into the ground.
Crew
The Captain was 35-year-old José Antonio Moreno, who had more than 9,000 hours of flight experience, including 3,000 hours on the Fokker 100. He graduated from Mogi-Mirim Airclub, situated in São Paulo, in 1987. The first officer was 27-year-old Ricardo Luis Gomes, who had 4,000 flight hours, with 160 of them on the Fokker 100. He graduated from Rio Claro Airclub, in São Paulo in 1988.[5] There were also five flight attendants on board.{{Cite web |title=FINAL REPORT |url=https://reports.aviation-safety.net/1996/19961031-0_F100_PT-MRK.pdf |access-date=2020-07-11 |publisher=Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center |via=Aviation Safety Network}}{{cite web|title=Pilotos - TAM 402|trans-title=Pilots - TAM 402|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/geral/tam/tam78.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726152448/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fol/geral/tam/tam78.htm|archive-date=2017-07-26|access-date=26 July 2017|publisher=Folha de S. Paulo|language=pt}}
Dramatization
The crash was featured in the 15th season of the television documentary series Mayday in an episode titled "Carnage in São Paulo".{{Citation |title=Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22) |url=https://archive.org/details/mayday-aci |access-date=2024-08-17}}
See also
{{Portal|Brazil|Aviation|1990s}}
- Lauda Air Flight 004, an accident involving in-flight thrust reverser deployment.
- Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, an accident involving in-flight thrust reverser deployment.
- TAROM Flight 371, an accident which was caused by Auto-throttle failure.
- Sriwijaya Air Flight 182, an accident that was caused by Auto-throttle failure after takeoff.
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20200712043201/https://reports.aviation-safety.net/1996/19961031-0_F100_PT-MRK.pdf Final Report]
- [http://sistema.cenipa.aer.mil.br/cenipa/paginas/relatorios/rf/pt/pt_mrk_31_10_96.pdf Final Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922130842/http://sistema.cenipa.aer.mil.br/cenipa/paginas/relatorios/rf/pt/pt_mrk_31_10_96.pdf |date=2020-09-22 }} {{inlang|pt}}
- {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx8-cVTvjQc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/sx8-cVTvjQc |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=1996 Brazilian Flight Crashes Seconds After Takeoff|publisher=Smithsonian Channel|date=2017-10-20}}{{cbignore}}
- {{YouTube|id=3lQOuHSodj0|title=Reproduction animation of TAM Transportes Aéreos Regionais Flight 402}}
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=%20ftju%20ASg4c TAM 402 Footage 2 days before the crash.]
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil}}
{{Aviation incidents and accidents in 1996}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tam Transportes Aereos Regionais Flight 402}}
Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by mechanical failure
Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1996
Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Brazil
Category:Accidents and incidents involving the Fokker 100