TAP Flight 425

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 727-282 Advanced with aircraft registration CS-TBR, and named after the Portuguese aviation pioneer Sacadura Cabral. It was delivered to TAP on 21 January 1975. It was powered by three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-17 turbofan engines which had a maximum thrust of {{convert|16,000|lbf|kN}} each. The aircraft had completed a B check on 21 September 1977, and at the time of the accident had accumulated 6,154 flying hours in 5,204 cycles.{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpiaa.gov.pt?cr=9531|title=Final accident report|publisher=DGAC|language=pt|access-date=2019-06-25}}{{Rp|37–38}}

The crew consisted of Captain João Lontrão, First Officer Miguel Guimarães Leal, and Flight Engineer Gualdino Pinto, as well as five flight attendants. There were 156 passengers on board.{{Rp|8,34}}

On 19 November 1977, the aircraft operated Flight TP420 from Lisbon to Brussels, Belgium, and then Flight TP425 from Brussels to Funchal with a stopover in Lisbon. Flight 420 and the first leg of Flight 425 were completed without any issues reported. In Lisbon, the crew received the Funchal weather report. According to the forecast, severe weather was expected enroute with a chance of thunderstorm cumulus and torrential rain, but was unlikely to affect the flight.{{Rp|3}}

At 7:50 pm Flight TP425 left the gate, and took off from runway 03 at Lisbon Airport at 7:55pm.{{Rp|4}}

At the time of the accident, the then-Santa Catarina International Airport's runway was {{convert|1600|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} long, which made landing extremely difficult.

At 9:05 pm, on the approach to Madeira, the crew of Flight TP425 requested permission to descend. The controller gave permission to descend to flight level 50 ({{convert|5000|ft|m|0|disp=or}}) at a pressure of 1013.2 mbar. At 9:05:50, the crew reported on the beginning of the descent to FL50 towards Porto Santo, and received instructions to switch to 118.1 MHz to communicate with Funchal control. At 9:17pm the crew contacted air traffic control in Funchal and reported reaching flight level 50 and the ETA at the MAD radio beacon in 5 minutes. In response, the controller gave permission to descend to a height of {{convert|3,500|feet}} on QNH 1013 and reported that the landing would be on runway 06. The controller then transmitted the weather report: calm wind on runway 06, wind {{convert|14|knots|m/s km/h mph|0}} direction 220 at nearby Rosário, temperature {{Convert|19|C|F|abbr=}}, visibility {{Convert|4-5|km|mi nmi|abbr=}}. The crew acknowledged the transmission. According to the actual weather forecast at Funchal airport at 8:50pm, the wind speed was {{convert|6|knots|m/s km/h mph|1}} - a heading of 200, visibility {{Convert|5|km|mi nmi|abbr=}}, cloud 7/8, rain showers, airfield pressure at runway 24: 1006 mbar, at runway 06: 1008 mbar, temperature {{Convert|18-19|C|F|abbr=}}.{{Rp|4}}

At 9:23:13 the crew reported passing the MAD beacon at a height of {{convert|1,700|feet|0}} and a heading of 215°, while not having visual contact with the ground. Following the course of 200° and descending through 980 feet, at 9:26:33 flight TP425 reported that there was no visual observation of the runway and executed a missed approach.{{Rp|5}}

After two unsuccessful attempts to land the aircraft, the crew decided to make one last try to land before they would make the decision to divert to Gran Canaria Airport in the Canary Islands.{{Additional citation needed|date=January 2021}}

On the third landing attempt, Captain Lontrão chose runway 24. At 9:43:52, at an altitude of {{convert|1800|ft|m|sigfig=2|abbr=}} the aircraft was reported to be flying at a rate of {{convert|205|kn|km/h mph|abbr=}}, and at 9:44:57 the controller asked the crew to see if they had the aircraft's landing lights on. The crew confirmed that they were. At 9:45:02 the crew reported passing the airport's beacon and reported the runway in sight. At 9:46:48, when turning right onto a heading of 250° Captain Lontrão called for the landing checklist.{{Rp|5}}

At 9:47:21 the tower reported the wind on runway 24 and asked if the crew would proceed with the landing. The crew said that they would continue. The controller subsequently cleared flight 425 to land. From a height of {{convert|400|ft||sigfig=2|abbr=}} at a speed of {{convert|150|kn|km/h mph|abbr=}}, the plane began to descend. While on final approach to runway 24 in heavy rain, strong winds and poor visibility, the aircraft touched down {{convert|2000|ft|sigfig=2}} past the threshold, and started hydroplaning. With just {{convert|3000|ft|sigfig=2}} of runway left, the crew tried desperately to stop, applying maximum reverse thrust and brakes, but the aircraft slid off the runway at a ground speed of approximately {{convert|43|kn|km/h mph|abbr=}} and plunged over a {{convert|200|ft|adj=on}} steep bank, hitting a nearby bridge and crashing on the beach, splitting in two and bursting into flames.{{Rp|6–7}}

Of the 164 people aboard (156 passengers and 8 crew), 131 were killed (125 passengers and 6 crew),{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2011-06-07|title=Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 11191977®=CS-TBR|url=http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=11191977%C2%AE=CS-TBR&airline=TAP+Portugal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607113703/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=11191977%C2%AE=CS-TBR&airline=TAP+Portugal|archive-date=2011-06-07|access-date=2008-05-07|url-status=usurped|website=Airdisaster.com}} making it the deadliest airplane accident in Portugal to that point.{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|date=|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-282 CS-TBR Funchal Airport (FNC)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19771119-1|access-date=2019-10-17|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}} As of 2023, it is the second deadliest airplane accident in Portugal, after Independent Air Flight 1851.{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|date=|title=ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-331B N7231T Santa Maria-Vila do Porto Airport, Azores (SMA)|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890208-0|access-date=2019-10-17|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}}{{Cite web|last=Ranter|first=Harro|date=|title=Portugal air safety profile|url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=CS|access-date=2021-01-03|website=aviation-safety.net|publisher=Aviation Safety Network}} It remains TAP Portugal's only fatal accident since the beginning of its flight operations in 1946.{{Cite web|url=http://www.airsafe.com/events/airlines/tap.htm|title=TAP Air Portugal plane crashes|website=www.airsafe.com|access-date=2019-04-08}}

According to the findings of the investigation, the crew was qualified for the flight. The report stated that the aircraft was in good condition after leaving the runway until it made impact with the bridge. The report concluded that the flight crew violated the approach procedure, with the aircraft touching down {{convert|2060|ft|abbr=|m}} from the beginning of the runway, which is {{convert|1060|ft|abbr=|m}} farther than normal, and the speed was {{convert|148.2|kn|km/h mph|abbr=}} which is, {{convert|19.2|kn|km/h mph|abbr=}} higher than recommended. It was also noted that the 1000 ft indication lights were turned off because the VASI system was activated. Due to limitations in the Airport's electrical installation at the time, either the VASI system or the aiming point indicator could be turned on, but not both simultaneously.{{Rp|29}} Difficult weather conditions were mentioned as the immediate causes of the accident, due to aquaplaning on the runway, as well as an overshoot landing speed of 19 knots.{{Rp|30}} The investigation recommended Funchal Airport to increase the level of meteorological observations.{{Rp|31}}{{Cite book|url=https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/airplane_handbook/media/10_afh_ch8.pdf|title=Airplane Flying Handbook - Approaches and Landings|publisher=Federal Aviation Administration|pages=6–7}}

After the accident occurred, TAP stopped flying the Boeing 727-200 to Madeira, and started flying only the 727-100, which was {{convert|20|ft|abbr=|m}} shorter and took 60 fewer passengers.Rádio e Televisão de Portugal Documentary {{YouTube|id=DLROUDrMquU|title=TP425 - O voo interminável [TP425 - The Endless Flight]}} (aired November 14th 2007, in Portuguese)]

The crash prompted officials to explore ways of extending the short runway. Because of the height of the runway relative to the beach below, an extension was very difficult and very expensive to perform. Between 1983 and 1986,{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Aeroporto da Madeira (Funchal) - 1983 a 1986|trans-title=Madeira Airport (Funchal) - 1983 to 1986|url=http://www.aeroportosdamadeira.pt/1983-a-1986-42.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903092206/http://www.aeroportosdamadeira.pt/1983-a-1986-42.aspx|archive-date=September 3, 2011|access-date=2010-02-20|website=aeroportosdamadeira.pt|language=pt}} a {{convert|200|m|abbr=|ft|adj=on}} extension was built; 14 years later,{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Aeroporto da Madeira (Funchal) - 2000|trans-title=Madeira Airport (Funchal) - 2000|url=http://www.aeroportosdamadeira.pt/2000-43.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903093508/http://www.aeroportosdamadeira.pt/2000-43.aspx|archive-date=September 3, 2011|access-date=2008-05-07|website=aeroportosdamadeira.pt|publisher=|language=pt}} the runway was again extended. Following the 2000 extension, the runway of what is now the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport measures {{convert|2781|m|abbr=|ft}} long and is capable of handling wide-body commercial jets like the Boeing 747 or the Airbus A340.{{Cite web|url=http://www.anam.pt/historia-madeira|title=História|date=2012|publisher=Aeroporto da Madeira|language=pt|trans-title=History|access-date=2013-11-25|archive-date=2014-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507031843/http://www.anam.pt/historia-madeira|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/view/1089-19|title=Madeira Airport amongst world's 'Top-10 most stunning aerial approaches'|website=www.theportugalnews.com|access-date=2019-10-17|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017175922/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/view/1089-19|url-status=dead}}

• List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.gpiaa.gov.pt?cr=9531 Final accident report] - DGAC {{in lang|pt}}
• [http://www.gpiaa.gov.pt/wwwbase/wwwinclude/ficheiro.aspx?tipo=0&id=9531&ambiente=WebSiteMenu Report document] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150112200209/http://www.gpiaa.gov.pt/wwwbase/wwwinclude/ficheiro.aspx?tipo=0&id=9531&ambiente=WebSiteMenu Archive], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052259/http://www.gpiaa.gov.pt/tempfiles/20080218152854moptc.pdf Alternate], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052259/http://www.gpiaa.gov.pt/tempfiles/20080218152854moptc.pdf Archive])
• [http://www.airliners.net/search?registrationActual=CS-TBR&display=detail Pre-crash photos of CS-TBR]

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Category:Airliner accidents and incidents involving runway overruns

Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1977

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