TEX9

TEX9 is located at 15q21.3 and has 18 exons. However, some exons overlap; therefore, there are only 13 distinguishable exons in the human genome.{{cite web|url=http://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgc?o=56365572&g=htcUserAli&i=../trash/hgSs/hgSs_genome_42ff_434f30.pslx+../trash/hgSs/hgSs_genome_42ff_434f30.fa+Hsa_TEX9&c=chr15&l=56365572&r=56428441&db=hg38&hgsid=713211977_iC49eQ7BReAxjfPlVDIwZWACTDjZ|title=User Sequence vs Genomic|website=genome.ucsc.edu|access-date=2019-02-25}} TEX9 is on the sense strand and spans from base 56,365,573 to 56,428,441. TEX9 is located in the gene neighborhood of CD24P2, RFX7, MNS1, and HMGB1P33.{{cite web|url=https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgBlat|title=Human BLAT Search|website=genome.ucsc.edu|access-date=2019-04-21}}

The promoter for TEX9 was determined using 19 supporting transcripts to be GXP_7531542, spanning from base 56,364,254 to base 56,365,775 on the sense strand of chromosome 15.{{cite web|url=http://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin/sessions/login.pl?s=692b50cf896e42c54ccd6e36c5b751c9|title=Genomatix: Login Page|website=www.genomatix.de|access-date=2019-05-05}} A number of transcription factors with a matrix similarity greater than or equal to 0.780 that are predicted to regulate transcription of TEX9 are listed below with their respective binding site:

File:Expression for TEX9 in humans.jpg

The expression of TEX9 is highest in the testis, followed by the thyroid, duodenum, and kidney, although other tissues have been shown to express TEX9. TEX9 is expected to have a subcellular localization in the cytoplasm or nucleus.{{cite web|url=http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/phyre2_output/b223294f03c7d863/aligs/c1ciiA_.1.alig.html|title=Phyre 2 alignment of TEX9_____ with c1ciiA_|website=www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk|access-date=2019-05-05}}

Isoform 1 of TEX9 has a 5' UTR region of 27 base pairs and a 3' UTR region of 356 base pairs.{{cite web|url=http://www.bioline.com/media/calculator/01_12.html|title=Sequence Utilities|website=www.bioline.com|access-date=2019-05-05}} The transcript is 1,559 base pairs long.{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_940926.1|title=testis-expressed protein 9 isoform 1 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2019-02-08}}

Less common isoforms of TEX9 include isoforms: 2, X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6.

The theoretical molecular weight of the 391 amino acid TEX9 protein is 45kDa and the theoretical pI is 6.{{cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8N6V9|title=TEX9 - Testis-expressed protein 9 - Homo sapiens (Human) - TEX9 gene & protein|website=www.uniprot.org|access-date=2019-02-08}} However, the experimental molecular weight has been shown to be ~55kDa.{{cite web|url=https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000151575-TEX9/antibody#immunohistochemistry|title=TEX9 - Antibodies - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2019-05-05}}

The most pronounced domains in TEX9 are the two coiled-coil regions, which include amino acids 32-59 and 194-351.{{cite web|url=https://embnet.vital-it.ch/software/COILS_form.html|title=COILS Server|website=embnet.vital-it.ch|access-date=2019-04-21|archive-date=2019-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712063634/https://embnet.vital-it.ch/software/COILS_form.html|url-status=dead}} Repetitive domains within the protein include ALEE (34-37 and 302-305) and EKYK (251-254 and 307-310).{{cite web|url=https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/seqstats/saps/|title=SAPS < Sequence Statistics < EMBL-EBI|website=www.ebi.ac.uk|access-date=2019-04-21}} TEX9 has more glutamate, lysine, and glutamine residues and less glycine residues compared to a typical human protein.

TEX9 has been shown to be phosphorylated at tyrosine (Y) residues 85 and 264, and have a ubiquitylation site at the lysine (K) residue at 159. It is predicted that there are multiple other phosphorylation, glycation, 0-beta-GlcNAc, and SUMO protein attachment sites.{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos/|title=NetPhos 3.1 Server|website=www.cbs.dtu.dk|access-date=2019-05-05}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/YinOYang/|title=YinOYang 1.2 Server|website=www.cbs.dtu.dk|access-date=2019-05-05}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetGlycate/|title=NetGlycate 1.0 Server|website=www.cbs.dtu.dk|language=en|access-date=2019-05-05}}{{cite web|url=https://www.abgent.com/sumoplot|title=SUMOplot™ Analysis Program {{!}} Abgent|website=www.abgent.com|access-date=2019-05-05|archive-date=2005-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103221931/http://www.abgent.com/sumoplot|url-status=dead}}

File:TEX9 structure.png

TEX9's two coiled-coil regions make up its tertiary structure and can be visualized using the predicted structure from Phyre2. Shown on the structure are the two known phosphorylated sites and one ubiquitylation site.

TEX9 has been experimentally determined to have interactions including coiled-coil containing 112 (CCDC112), chromosome 20 open reading frame 112 (C20orf112), and nucleolar protein 4 (NOL4).{{cite web|url=https://version-10-5.string-db.org/cgi/network.pl?taskId=oGt0kWoasNou|title=TEX9 protein (human) - STRING interaction network|website=version-10-5.string-db.org|access-date=2019-02-08}} Textmining has suggested that TEX9 also interacts with olfactory receptor, family 4, subfamily C, member 3, odorant receptor (OR4C3). Other interactions include gene products of human genes NOL4-2 (at an unknown location), GOGA2 (in the cis-Golgi network membrane, spindle pole of cytoskeleton, and ER-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane), and KDM1A (in the nucleus). Another proposed interaction between TEX9 involves attachment with the SUMO protein, which has a molecular weight of 11kDa. The realized MW of TEX9 is 55kDa but the theoretical MW is 45kDa, which provides evidence for this interaction.{{cite web|url=https://www.abgent.com/sumoplot|title=SUMO Prediction|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103221931/http://www.abgent.com/sumoplot|archive-date=3 January 2005|access-date=20 April 2019|url-status=dead}}

There are no paralogs of TEX9 in humans.

TEX9 has homologs in over 260 other organisms, including vertebrates, invertebrates, archaea, and one species of bacteria. TEX9 has been found in all clades of organisms except land plants.{{cite web|url=https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastp&PAGE_TYPE=BlastSearch&LINK_LOC=blasthome|title=Protein BLAST: search protein databases using a protein query|website=blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2019-04-21}}

File:Relative mutation rate of TEX9.jpg

The relative rate of change for TEX9 is fairly slow compared to fibrinogen and beta-globin, but not as slow as cytochrome c.{{cite web|url=http://timetree.org/|title=TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life|website=timetree.org|access-date=2019-05-05}}

TEX9 sequences that are most conserved between humans and other organisms are found within the two coiled-coil regions, where some amino acids are conserved in vertebrates, invertebrates, and microorganisms. The bacterial ortholog is most similar to vertebrates than invertebrates or microorganisms.

File:Unrooted phylogenetic tree TEX9.jpg

All of the orthologs of TEX9 are derived from the same common ancestor except the gene found in Chlamydia, which is thought to have transferred from humans into the bacterium.{{cite web|url=https://www.the-scientist.com/features/bacteria-and-humans-have-been-swapping-dna-for-millennia-32779|title=Bacteria and Humans Have Been Swapping DNA for Millennia|website=The Scientist Magazine®|language=en|access-date=2019-05-05}}

No diseases have been shown to be directly linked to TEX9, but some correlations have been found regarding estrogen receptor knockdown and increased TEX9 expression{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS4061:243198_at|title=GDS4061 / 243198_at|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2019-04-21}} as well as colorectal cancer cells with decreased TEX9 expression.{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS4511:243198_at|title=GDS4511 / 243198_at|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2019-04-21}}

Reduced expression of TEX9 has been shown to boost tumor growth in immunocompetent mice but not in immunocompromised mice.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shuptrine CW, Ajina R, Fertig EJ, Jablonski SA, Kim Lyerly H, Hartman ZC, Weiner LM | title = An unbiased in vivo functional genomics screening approach in mice identifies novel tumor cell-based regulators of immune rejection | journal = Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy | volume = 66 | issue = 12 | pages = 1529–1544 | date = December 2017 | pmid = 28770278 | pmc = 5854209 | doi = 10.1007/s00262-017-2047-2 }} This result suggested that TEX9 may function as a tumor antigen in some tumors. Mutations of the TEX9 protein have been found in 1-2% of tumors taken from certain cancers, including endometrial, head and neck, colorectal, and squamous lung.{{cite web|url=https://www.phosphosite.org/proteinAction?id=18371&showAllSites=true#appletMsg|title=TEX9 (human)|website=www.phosphosite.org|access-date=2019-02-08}}

{{Reflist}}

Category:Proteins