TMEM156

TMEM156 is located on the short arm of chromosome 4. It is found at position 4p14. It has four known transcripts, only two of which have proteins.{{Cite web|url=http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000121895;r=4:38966744-39032922|title=Gene: TMEM156|date=March 2016|website=e!Ensembl|publisher=Ensembl|access-date=April 27, 2016}}

Cytogenetic band: 4p14

File:Gene_neighborhood.png{{Cite web|url=https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=tmem156|title=genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=tmem156|website=www.genecards.org|access-date=2016-05-03}}

The image above shows chromosome four and the various gene locations on it. TMEM156 can be seen at the thin red band that has been placed at p14.

TMEM156 is 66,499 bases and 296 amino acids in length.{{Cite web|url=https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TMEM156|title=genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TMEM156|website=www.genecards.org|access-date=2016-04-27}} TMEM156 spans from 38,966,744 to 39,032,922 bp.{{Cite web|url=http://vega.sanger.ac.uk/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=OTTHUMG00000128582;r=4:38966744-39032922|title=Gene: TMEM156 (OTTHUMG00000128582) - Summary - Homo sapiens - Vega Genome Browser 64|website=vega.sanger.ac.uk|access-date=2016-05-05}}

TMEM156 has one known splice variant, TMEM156-003. It has one transmembrane region and is 179 amino acids in length resulting in a lower molecular mass of 20.9 kDa.{{Cite web|url=http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000121895-TMEM156/tissue|title=Tissue expression of TMEM156 - Summary - The Human Protein Atlas|website=www.proteinatlas.org|access-date=2016-05-05}} In addition the isoelectric point is 7.0633 and the gene has four transcripts.{{Cite web|url=http://dec2014.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Transcript/ProteinSummary?g=ENSG00000121895;r=4:38993735-39032922;t=ENST00000344606|title=Ensembl genome browser 78: Homo sapiens - Protein summary - Transcript: TMEM156-003 (ENST00000344606)|website=dec2014.archive.ensembl.org|access-date=2016-05-05}}

File:Transcript variants.png

There is one known isoform of TMEM156. This particular isoform uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the 3' coding region. The resulting isoform is shorter than the original.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?LinkName=protein_gene&from_uid=21410093|title=TMEM156 transmembrane protein 156 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-05-04}}

The TMEM156 protein is 296 amino acids in length. It has a molecular weight of 34.323 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.98.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nextprot.org/db/entry/NX_Q8N614/proteomics|title=TMEM156 - Transmembrane protein 156 - human protein (Proteomics)|website=www.nextprot.org|access-date=2016-05-04}} The protein interacts with the membrane three times as seen in the figure below.File:Transmembrane_156.png. It can be seen here that the protein crosses the membrane three times.{{Cite web|url=http://mobyle.pasteur.fr/data/jobs/toppred/K38622626107931|title=TopPred|website=mobyle.pasteur.fr|access-date=2016-05-04}}]]

TMEM156 has a secondary structure composed of primarily α-helices. Phyre was used to create this structure that can be viewed on the right hand side of this article. It is evident that the predicted protein structure is vastly composed of α-helices. The N terminus is located at the top of the image and the C terminus is at the bottom.{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/phyre2_output/e336f9d9255c92b7/summary.html|title=Phyre 2 Results for Undefined|website=www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk|access-date=2016-05-06}}File:Phyre.png

This structure was predicted by analyzing the amino acid sequence using I-TASSER. The final result can be seen below.{{Cite web|url=http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/|title=I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction|website=zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu|access-date=2016-05-08}}File:ITasser.png

Glycosylation at Asn 45 and Asn 156 along with N-glycosylation seen in the portion of the protein that is found in the cytoplasm.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nextprot.org/db/entry/NX_Q8N614/proteomics|title=TMEM156 - Transmembrane protein 156 - human protein (Proteomics)|website=www.nextprot.org|access-date=2016-04-27}}

The k-NN tool suggests the location of TMEM156 in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell with 44.4% certainty. The following locations were all predicted with 11.1% certainty: vacuolar, vesicles of secretory system, extracellular, plasma membrane, and mitochondrial.{{Cite web|url=http://psort.hgc.jp|title=PSORT WWW Server|website=psort.hgc.jp|access-date=2016-05-05}}

TMEM156 is expressed in several tissues including ascites, bone marrow, salivary glands, and vascular to name a few. This gene is not ubiquitously expressed, but is still evident in many tissues. This gene is predominately expressed in adults but there is a bit of expression in fetuses.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/UniGene/ESTProfileViewer.cgi?uglist=Hs.374147|title=EST Profile - Hs.374147|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-05-04}}

• C12orf55-chromosome 12 open reading frame 55
• FAM92B-family with sequence similarity 92, member B
• NUGGC-nuclear GTPase, germinal center associated
• plays a role as replication-related GTPase
• CEACAM21-carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 21
• CPNES-copine V
• may function in membrane trafficking
• exhibits calcium-dependent phospholipid binding properties
• FCRL1-Fc receptor-like 1
• may function as an activating coreceptor in B-cells
• may function in B-cell activation and differentiation
• MEI1-meiosis inhibitor 1
• required for normal meiotic chromosome synapsis
• may be involved in meiotic double strand breaks
• MZB1-marginal zone B and B1 cell-specific protein
• associates with immunoglobulin M (IgM) both heavy and light chains
• promotoes IgM assembly and secretion
• SPAG4-sperm associated antigen 4
• may assist the organization and assembly of outer dense fibers (specific fibers to the sperm tail)
• SLC17A9-solute carrier family 17, member 9
• involved in vesicular storage and exocytosis of ATP{{Cite web|url=http://string-db.org/cgi/network.pl?taskId=nFWVB_nfCRfq|title=TMEM156 protein (Homo sapiens) - STRING network view|website=string-db.org|access-date=2016-04-28}}

Transmembrane protein 156 has one known paralog. It also has various orthologs within eukaryotes. The table below compares an overarching sample of the known orthologs and one paralog.{{Cite web

| url = http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi

| title = BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

| website = blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

| access-date = 2016-02-29

}} The specific lineage of TMEM156 is: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Homindae; Homo.

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Category:Genes