TMEM176B

TMEM176B is also known as LR8, and MS4B2.{{UniProt Full|Q3YBM2|Transmembrane Protein 176B}} The gene is found on the minus end of Chromosome 7, on the long arm at position 7q36.1."TMEM176B Transmembrane Protein 176B [Homo Sapiens (Human)] - Gene - NCBI". Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=28959. The starting position of the gene is at 150,791,287 and goes to 150,801,360. It has 10,074 base pairs and has a total of 11 exons."Homo Sapiens Chromosome 7, Grch38.P13 Primary Assembly - Nucleotide - NCBI". Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_000007.14?report=fasta&from=150791287&to=150801360&strand=true.

TMEM176A and LOC105375566 is a neighbor of TMEM176B."Geneloc Integrated Map For Chromosome 7: Search Results". Genecards.Weizmann.Ac.Il, 2019, https://genecards.weizmann.ac.il/geneloc-bin/display_map.pl?chr_nr=7&range_type=gc_id&gc_id=GC07M150791#GC07M150791.Genecards.Org, 2019, https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=LOC105375566.

The gene is found to be most expressed in the liver with the kidney being the second most expressed tissue.

File:TMEM176B Tissue Expression.jpg]

There are 3 isoforms (A, B, C) of this gene with variants of isoform A and C. Isoform A variant 1 has 1444 nucleotides that encode 270 amino acids. There are 17 alternatively spliced variants with 1 unspliced transcript variant.Danielle Thierry-Mieg and Jean Thierry-Mieg, . "Aceview: Geneid:TMEM176B, A Comprehensive Annotation Of Human, Mouse And Worm Genes With Mrnas Or Estsaceview.". Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/av.cgi?c=geneid&org=9606&l=28959.

There is one paralog of TMEM176B which is TMEM176A."Gene: TMEM176A (ENSG00000002933) - Paralogues - Homo Sapiens - Ensembl Genome Browser 97". Useast.Ensembl.Org, 2019, http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Compara_Paralog?g=ENSG00000002933;r=7:150800403-150805118.

File:TMEM176B Unrooted Phylogenetic Tree.jpg, the blue group is Artiodactyla and Sirenia, the green group is Rodentia, and the orange group is primates]]

Below is a table of orthologs of TMEM176B, these include close and somewhat distant orthologs.

There are around 125 orthologs of the gene ranging from primates to mice and to certain species of fish."TMEM176B Orthologs". NCBI, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/28959/ortholog/?scope=117570.

The homologs of this gene include chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, dog, cow, mouse, and rat.Homologene - NCBI". Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/homologene/8521.

File:TMEM176B Secondary Structure.jpg

The molecular weight of TMEM176B is 29.1 kilodaltons (kDa). The protein is rich in valine and poor in aspartic acid."SAPS Results". Ebi.Ac.Uk, 2019, https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/services/web/toolresult.ebi?jobId=saps-I20190730-112615-0877-10414538-p2m. There are 4 transmembrane regions within TMEM176B isoform a.2019, https://psort.hgc.jp/cgi-bin/runpsort.pl{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Accessed 4 Aug 2019. There is a CD20 domain from 198-687."Transmembrane Protein 176B Isoform A [Homo Sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_054739.3.

The CD20-like family includes the CD20 gene but is part of the family pfam04103 which is part of superfamily cl04401. This specific domain region is 489 bp."CDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: CD20". Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=309291.

TMEM176B is composed of alpha helices, beta strands and TM helices. The Alpha helices make up most of the secondary structure followed by TM helices."Phyre 2 Results For Undefined". Sbg.Bio.Ic.Ac.Uk, 2019, http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/phyre2_output/607daef47ac621bf/summary.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804180458/http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/phyre2_output/607daef47ac621bf/summary.html |date=2019-08-04 }}.

Mainly localized to the Golgi apparatus but is additionally localized to the plasma membrane and nucleoplasm."Cell Atlas - TMEM176B - The Human Protein Atlas". Proteinatlas.Org, 2019, http://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000106565-TMEM176B/cell.

The protein interacts most commonly with TMEM176A. It also interacts with TMEM47 and CPXM1 (carboxypeptidase 1) but at lower levels."TMEM176B Protein (Human) - STRING Interaction Network". String-Db.Org, 2019, https://string-db.org/cgi/network.pl?taskId=YtRoRnnnUnu6.

File:TMEM176B Interacting Proteins.jpg

There are 11 promoters in TMEM176B. The promoter region before isoform a is 1101 bp and covers 150,799,077-150,800,177."Genomatix". Genomatix.De, 2019, https://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin/eldorado/eldorado.pl?s=31f15c28bad5fbc98bd01817d3f6f82f;SHOW_ANNOTATION=result_1;ELDORADO_VERSION=E34R1811.

There are 4 phosphorylation sites in TMEM176B isoform a.Transmembrane Protein 176B Isoform A [Homo Sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov, 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_054739.3.

There has been research that indicates that TMEM176B is associated with cancer when an abnormal of the gene accumulates.{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuajungco MP, Podevin W, Valluri VK, Bui Q, Nguyen VH, Taylor K | title = Abnormal accumulation of human transmembrane (TMEM)-176A and 176B proteins is associated with cancer pathology | journal = Acta Histochemica | volume = 114 | issue = 7 | pages = 705–12 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22244448 | pmc = 5419829 | doi = 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.12.006 }}

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