TMEM241

In humans, TMEM241 is a 142,188 bp gene located at 18q11.2 which contains 24 exons.

TMEM241 is located near CABLES1, RIOK3, and NPC1 on chromosome 18.{{cite web|title=NCBI NM_032933.5|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_032933.5|access-date=6 February 2016}}

File:3' UTR hairpin.png

The primary mRNA for human TMEM241, isoform 1, contains a 5' UTR hairpin loop conserved in primates. The primary mRNA for human TMEM241 isoform 1 contains binding sites in its 3' UTR for the miRNAs 520f-5p, 378a-5p, and 6866-5p.{{Cite web|url=http://mirdb.org/cgi-bin/search.cgi|title=miRDB - MicroRNA Target Prediction And Functional Study Database|website=mirdb.org|access-date=2016-04-30}}

There are over 10 transcript variants predicted for the human TMEM241 gene found on BLAST. TMEM241 Isoform 1 is approximately 31 kDa in mass. The protein has an isoelectric point of 8.7. and is particularly rich in the amino acid phenylalanine, containing twice the normal proportion of this amino acid.{{Cite journal|last1=Brendel|first1=V|last2=Bucher|first2=P|last3=Nourbakhsh|first3=I.R|last4=Blaisdell|first4=B.E|last5=Karlin|first5=S|date=1992|title=Methods and algorithms for statistical analysis of protein sequences|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.|doi=10.1073/pnas.89.6.2002|volume=89|issue=6|pages=2002–2006|pmc=48584|pmid=1549558|doi-access=free|bibcode=1992PNAS...89.2002B}}

File:Protein Annotation with 2ndary Structure PS4.png

File:Alpha helix wheel diagram.png

TMEM241 is composed of 9 transmembrane domains forming a hydrophobic integral component of the membrane{{Cite web

| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?LinkName=protein_gene&from_uid=109150412

| title = TMEM241 transmembrane protein 241 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI

| website = www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

| access-date = 2016-02-28

}} composed primarily of alpha helices.{{Cite web|url=http://harrier.nagahama-i-bio.ac.jp/sosui/cgi-bin/adv_sosui.cgi|title=SOSUI: Result|website=harrier.nagahama-i-bio.ac.jp|access-date=2016-04-24}}{{Cite web|url=http://phobius.sbc.su.se/|title=Phobius|website=phobius.sbc.su.se|access-date=2016-04-24}}{{Cite web|url=http://mendel.imp.ac.at/sat/DAS/|title=DAS-TMfilter server|website=mendel.imp.ac.at|access-date=2016-04-24|archive-date=2016-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505124813/http://mendel.imp.ac.at/sat/DAS/|url-status=dead}} TMEM241 contains a VRG4 (Vanadate Resistant Glycosylation{{Cite web|url=https://www.yeastgenome.org/locus/S000003193|title=VRG4 {{!}} SGD|website=www.yeastgenome.org|access-date=2016-04-30}}) domain with homology to the sugar transporter domain VRG4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast).

File:Wikipedia simplified TMEM241.png

TMEM241 is predicted to undergo various phosphorylations,{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk|title=Welcome to CBS|website=www.cbs.dtu.dk|access-date=2016-04-24}} glycation, palmitoylation.{{Cite web|url=http://csspalm.biocuckoo.org/showResult.php|title=CSS-Palm - Palmitoylation Site Prediction|website=csspalm.biocuckoo.org|access-date=2016-04-24|archive-date=2018-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720101746/http://csspalm.biocuckoo.org/showResult.php|url-status=dead}} For example, TMEM241 isoform 1{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/109150412|title=transmembrane protein 241 isoform 1 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-04-30}} has a phosphorylation sites on S6, 64, 170, 177, 291, 295 and 296; glycation sites on K125, 169 and 172; palmitoylation sites on C13, 15, 221.

There is some evidence that this protein may interact with keratin filament based on a two hybrid screen with the keratin protein KRT40.{{Cite web|url=http://mentha.uniroma2.it/|title=mentha: the interactome browser|website=mentha.uniroma2.it|access-date=2016-05-04}}

TMEM241 is likely to be expressed in all tissues at varying levels from basal to moderate expression.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS3834:12797|title=GDS3834 / 12797 / TMEM241|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-04-24}} Some studies have found changes in the expression of TMEM241. For instance, in cases of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, TMEM241 was found to be one of the most upregulated genes.{{cite journal|last1=Pelleri|first1=Maria|last2=Piovesan|first2=Allison|last3=Caracausi|first3=Maria|last4=Berardi|first4=Anna|last5=Vitale|first5=Lorenza|last6=Strippoli|first6=Pierluigi|title=Integrated differential transcriptome maps of Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia (AMKL) in children with or without Down Syndrome (DS)|journal=BMC Medical Genomics|date=2014|volume=7|issue=1|pages=63|doi=10.1186/s12920-014-0063-z|pmc=4304173|pmid=25476127 |doi-access=free }} In another case TMEM241 was found to be upregulated during the unfolded protein response following the overexpression of Ero1α (Endoplasmic Reticulum oxidoreduclin 1α).{{cite journal|last1=Hansen|first1=H.G.|last2=Schmidt|first2=J. D.|last3=Soltoft|first3=C. L.|last4=Ramming|first4=T.|last5=Geertz-Hansen|first5=H. M.|last6=Christensen|first6=B.|last7=Sorensen|first7=E. S.|last8=Juncker|first8=A. S.|last9=Appenzeller-Herzog|first9=C.|last10=Ellgaard|first10=L.|title=Hyperactivity of the Ero1 Oxidase Elicits Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress but No Broad Antioxidant Response|journal=Journal of Biological Chemistry|date=1 October 2012|volume=287|issue=47|pages=39513–39523|doi=10.1074/jbc.M112.405050|pmc=3501080|pmid=23027870|doi-access=free}}

TMEM241 is conserved throughout eukaryotes.

File:TMEM241 Time of divergence from humans vs corrected % divergence.pngTMEM241 is conserved across all animals and homologs are found throughout eukaryotes. TMEM241 has 19% global identity and 60% identity to GDP-mannose transporter from S. cerevisiae, which contains the VRG4 domain. It is likely that TMEM241 is a GDP-mannose transporter due to this similarity. The graph on the right shows the relative level of conservation of TMEM241 across many species of organism using the principle of a Molecular Clock.

TMEM241 has two paralogs in humans which have homologs throughout eukaryotes, UGTREL8{{Cite web

| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/NP_055954.1

| title = UDP-glucuronic acid/UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine transporter [Homo sapiens - Protein - NCBI]

| website = www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

| access-date = 2016-02-28

}} and UGTREL7.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23169|title=SLC35D1 solute carrier family 35 member D1 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2016-04-26}} TMEM241, UGTREL8 and UGTREL7 are a family of sugar transport proteins with close identity to the GDP-mannose transporter identified in S. cerevisiae.

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Category:Genes on human chromosome 18