TMK

{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = TMK-1

| mission_type = crewed interplanetary

| mission_duration = 1095 days

| spacecraft_type = RP-1/LOX

| dimensions = {{unbulleted list|Length: {{convert|39|ft|m}}|Diameter: {{convert|19.60|ft|m}}|Volume: {{convert|4555.6|ft3|m3}}}}

| crew_size = 3

| crew_members = Soviet cosmonauts

| launch_date = {{start date|1971|06|08}} (planned)

| launch_rocket = N1

| landing_date = {{end date|1974|07|10}} (planned)

|interplanetary =

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = flyby

|object = Mars

|arrival_date = April 1972 (planned)

|distance =

}}

}}

The first flight to Mars of the TMK-1 was planned to begin on June 8, 1971.

The 75 metric ton TMK-1 spacecraft would take a crew of three on a Mars flyby mission.{{Cite web |title=TMK-1 |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tmk-1.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.astronautix.com}} After a 10½ month flight the crew would race past Mars, dropping remote-controlled landers, and then be flung into an Earth-return trajectory. Earth return would happen on July 10, 1974, after a voyage of three years, one month, and two days.

Spacecraft configuration:

• A habitation or pilot compartment, with an internal volume of 25 cubic meters
• A work or equipment section, including the hatch for extra-vehicular activities and a solar storm shelter should solar flares increase radiation to dangerous levels. Total volume of the section would be 25 cubic meters
• A biological systems compartment, with the SOZh closed-cycle environmental control system, with a total volume of 75 cubic meters
• An aggregate section, with the Mars probe capsules, the KDU midcourse correction engine, the SOZh solar concentrator and solar panels, and radio antennas
• The SA crew Earth reentry capsule, about 4 m in diameter.

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{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = TMK-E

| mission_type = crewed interplanetary

| mission_duration = 1096 days

| spacecraft_type = Nuclear electric rocket (Xenon) Thrust: {{convert|74|N|lbf}}

| dimensions = {{unbulleted list|Length: {{convert|574|ft|m}}|Diameter: {{convert|19.60|ft|m}}}}

| crew_size = 6

| crew_members = Soviet cosmonauts

| launch_rocket = N1

|interplanetary =

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = Lander

|object = Mars

|arrival_date =

|distance =

}}

}}

This variation was proposed in 1960, and consisted of a complete Mars landing expedition to be assembled in Earth orbit using several N1 launches.{{Cite web |title=TMK-E |url=http://www.astronautix.com/t/tmk-e.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.astronautix.com}} The spacecraft would be powered by nuclear electric engines and five landers would deliver a nuclear-powered Mars Train on the surface for a one-year mission.

The TMK-E would be capable of a three-year flight to Mars and return, of which one year was powered flight.

It would measure 175 m in length and house a crew of six. Six landing craft were included, two for the crew and four for the Mars Train vehicles.

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{{Infobox spaceflight

| name = MAVR

| mission_type = crewed interplanetary

| mission_duration = 680 days

| spacecraft_type = RP-1/LOX

| dimensions = {{unbulleted list|Length: {{convert|82|ft|m}}|Diameter: {{convert|19.60|ft|m}}|Volume: {{convert|45.0|m3|ft3}}}}

| crew_size = 3

| crew_members = Soviet cosmonauts

| launch_rocket = N1

|interplanetary =

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = Flyby

|object = Mars

|arrival_date =

|distance =

}}

{{Infobox spaceflight/IP

|type = Flyby

|object = Venus

|arrival_date =

|distance =

}}

}}

A variation of the TMK mission planning involved a flyby of Venus on the return voyage, and was given the code name "Mavr" (MArs - VeneRa), meaning Mars - Venus.{{Cite web |title=Mavr |url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/mavr.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.astronautix.com}}

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In 1966, a final version of the TMK studies was known as KK - Space Complex for Delivering a Piloted Expedition to Mars.{{Cite web |title=KK |url=http://www.astronautix.com/k/kk.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.astronautix.com}} Nuclear electric propulsion was to be used for the 630-day mission. The craft structure consisted of:

• EK - Expeditionary spacecraft: command center for piloting in interplanetary space
• OK - Orbital Complex: living and work compartments and the life support systems
• SA - The Landing Module, AV - The Ascent Module and RV - The Ascent Rocket stage
• PS - The Planetary Station: used by the expedition on the Martian surface for life support and scientific research

The launch was planned for 1980, with a crew of three cosmonauts. Mars stay duration would be 30 days.

Mission data:

• Total Payload Required in Low Earth Orbit-metric tons: 150
• Total Propellant Required-metric tons: 24
• Number of Launches Required to Assemble Payload in Low Earth Orbit: 2
• Launch Vehicle: N1

• Human mission to Mars
• Manned Venus flyby

{{Reflist}}{{Human missions to Mars}}

{{Russian human spaceflight programs}}

{{Nuclear propulsion}}

Category:Cancelled Soviet spacecraft

Category:Soviet Mars missions

Category:Soviet Venus missions

Category:Human missions to Venus

Category:Human missions to Mars