Tacanan languages

{{tree list}}

• Tacanan
• Ese Ejja ({{aka}} Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʼexa, Tatinawa, Ese exa)
• Araona–Tacana
• Araona ({{aka}} Carina, Cavina)
• Cavineña–Tacana
• Cavineña ({{aka}} Kavinenya)
• Tacana
• Tacana ({{aka}} Tupamasa, Takana)
• Reyesano ({{aka}} San Borjano, Maropa)
• Toromona ({{extinct}}?)

{{tree list/end}}

Toromono may be extinct. Another possibly extinct Tacanan language is Mabenaro; Arasa has been classified as Tacanan, but appears to have more in common with Panoan.

Below is a full list of Tacanan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

• Tacana - language with many relationships with the Arawak and Pano languages, spoken on the Beni River, Tuichi River, and Tequeje River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia; now spoken by only a few families. Dialects are:
• Tumupasa / Maracáni - spoken on the Uchipiamona River in the same region.
• Isiama / Ydiama - spoken on the Unduma River and around Ydiama.

• Araona - spoken on the Madre de Dios River and Manuripi River in Colonia, Bolivia
• Capechene / Capaheni - unknown language spoken on the Xapuri River and Rosiano River, Acre territory, Brazil. (Unattested.)
• Sapiboca - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Reyes, Beni province, Bolivia.
• Chirigua / Shiribá - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Santa Buenaventura, Beni. (Unattested.)
• Guarizo - extinct language once spoken at the old missions of Reyes and San Antonio de Isiama.
• Maropa - spoken in the vicinity of Lake Rogoaguado, Beni, now probably extinct.
• Guacanahua / Chama / Ese'ejja - spoken by a small tribe on the Madidi River and Undumo River, La Paz province, Bolivia.
• Mabenaro - spoken on the Manuripi River.
• Caviña / Cavineña - once spoken on the Cavinas River, Madidi River, and Beni River, now probably extinct.
• Toromona - once spoken between the Madidi River, Beni River, and Madre de Dios River, now perhaps extinct.
• Arasa - language spoken by the greater part of the Arazaire tribe (of Pano stock) on the Marcopata River and Arasa River.
• Tiatinagua / Mohino / Chuncho / Huarayo / Baguaja / Tambopata-Guarayo / Echoja - spoken by a tribe on the Peru-Bolivia border, on the Tambopata River.

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kayuvava, Tupi, and Arawak language families due to contact.{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Tacanan languages.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

Sample vocabulary of four Tacanan languages, along with Proto-Panoan for comparison, from Nikulin (2019):Nikulin, Andrey V. [https://www.academia.edu/40654122/The_classification_of_the_languages_of_the_South_American_Lowlands_State-of-the-art_and_challenges The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки]. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, October 17, 2019.

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Tacanan languages, in particular Cavineña and Ese Ejja, have among the richest associated motion systems in the world's languages.Guillaume, Antoine. 2016. Associated motion in South America: Typological and areal perspectives. Linguistic Typology 20(1). 81–177

• Girard, Victor (1971). Proto-Takanan Phonology (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

• Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}.
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

• Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/takanan.htm Familia Tacanana]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819194552/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Tacana language dictionary online from IDS] (select simple or advanced browsing)

{{Pano-Tacanan languages}}

{{Languages of Brazil}}

{{South American languages}}

Category:Pano-Tacanan languages

Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)

Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia

Category:Languages of Bolivia

Category:Languages of Brazil

Category:Languages of Peru

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