Takiji Kobayashi

Kobayashi was born in Odate, Akita, Japan. At the age of four, his family moved to Otaru, Hokkaido. The family was not wealthy, but Kobayashi's uncle paid his schooling expenses and he was able to attend Hokkaido Otaru Commercial High School and Otaru Commercial School of Higher Learning, which is the current Otaru University of Commerce. While studying, he became interested in writing, and submitted essays to literary magazines, served in the editorial committee for his school's alumni association magazine, and also had his own writing published. One of his teachers at school was economist, critic, and poet {{ill|Nobuyuki Okuma|jp|大熊信行|vertical-align=sup}}. Around this time, due to financial hardship and the current economic recession of the time, he joined the labour movement.{{cite book | last = Ness| first = Immanuel| year = 2009 | title = Historical The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest| publisher = Blackwell |isbn=9781405184649}}

After graduating from school, he worked in the Otaru branch of the Hokkaido Takushoku Bank. In the 1928 general election, Kobayashi helped with election candidate Kenzo Yamamoto's campaign, and went to Yamamoto's campaign speech in a village at the base of Mount Yōtei. This experience was later incorporated into his book {{Nihongo||東倶知安行|Higashikutchankō}}. In the same year, his story March 15, 1928 (based on the March 15 incident) was published in the literary magazine Senki ("Standard of Battle" in Japanese). The story depicted torture by the Tokkō special higher police, which in turn infuriated government officials.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

In 1929, Kobayashi's novel Kanikōsen about a crab-fishing and canning ship's crew determined to stand up to a cruel manager under harsh conditions was published in Senki. It quickly gained attention and notoriety, and became a standard-bearer of Marxist proletarian literature. In July of that year, it was adapted into a theatrical performance and was performed at the Imperial Garden Theater under the title {{Nihongo|North of latitude 50 degrees north|北緯五十度以北|}}. The full text of Kanikōsen, now the length of a short novel, was not available in Japan until 1948. Kanikōsen was subsequently published three times translated into English as The Cannery Boat (1933), The Factory Ship (1973), and The Crab Cannery Ship (2013), as well as in other languages.

Also in 1929, Kobayashi published The Absentee Landlord, after having worked on several versions. This book describes the hard life of local or immigrant tenant farmers on the northern island of Hokkaido, and their struggle with the way they are treated by rich landowners, as Japan was making efforts to strengthen its colonization of this island and to develop its agriculture and industry. The story is located in the unnamed village of 'S.', close to the town of Asahikawa, along the Ishikari River valley, about 80 miles North East of Otaru where Kobayashi was living.

The police (in particular the Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu or Tokkō) marked Kobayashi for surveillance, and in the same year the publication of his new book {{nihongo|"Absentee Landlord"|不在地主|Fuzaijinushi}} in the Chūōkōron magazine became grounds for his dismissal from his job at the bank.Keene 1998 : 621

In the spring of 1930, Kobayashi moved to Tokyo and became the secretary general of the Proletarian Writer's Guild of Japan. On May 23 he was arrested on suspicion of giving financial support to the Japanese Communist Party, and was temporarily released on June 7. After returning to Tokyo on June 24, he was again arrested and in July, due to Kanikōsen he was further indicted on charges of Lèse majesté. In August, he was prosecuted under the Public Order and Police Law of 1900 and was imprisoned in Toyotama Penitentiary. On January 22, 1931, he was released on bail. He then secluded himself at the Nanasawa Hot Spring in Kanagawa Prefecture. In October 1931, Kobayashi officially became a member of the outlawed Japan Communist Party.{{cite book | last = Mitchell| first = Robert H| year = 1992| title = Janus-Faced Justice: Political Criminals in Imperial Japan| publisher = University of Hawaii Press| isbn=082481410X | page=83}}

In November, he visited the house of Naoya Shiga in Nara Prefecture, and in the spring of 1932, he went underground.

File:Takiji Kobayashi's corpse, surrounded by friends, 1933.jpg

On February 20, 1933, Kobayashi went to a meeting spot in Akasaka to meet with a fellow Communist Party member, who turned out to be a Tokkō spy who had infiltrated the party. The Tokkō were lying in wait for him, and although he tried to escape, he was captured and arrested. Kobayashi was taken to Tsukiji Police Station, where he was tortured. Police authorities announced the following day that Kobayashi had died of a heart attack.{{cite news |title=The Japan Press 2003 Feb 9 issue |url=http://www.japan-press.co.jp/2003/2321/feb9.html |date=2003 |accessdate=30 January 2019 |work=The Japan Press}} No hospital would perform an autopsy for fear of the Tokkō.Police officials announced on the 21st that Kobayashi had died of a "heart attack," but Takiji's body, which was returned to his bereaved family the next day, was abnormally swollen due to torture, and his lower body was swollen and black due to internal bleeding. However, every hospital refused to perform autopsy for fear of the Tokkō police. - Takiji Kobayashi's torture death, lawyer's statement record that the bereaved family tries to sue Naonori Nakamura September 23, 2019 (『小林多喜二の拷問死、遺族が告訴試みる弁護士供述記録』中村尚徳 2019年9月23日) https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASM9L6FHCM9LPIHB02P.html

File:Takiji 20040803.jpg in Odate, Akita]]

In 2008, Kanikōsen became a surprise bestseller thanks to an advertising campaign linking the novel to the working poor.[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-novel-idUST31778020080812?feedType=RSS&sp=true Japan economy angst boosts sales of Marxist novel], Reuters, Aug. 11, 2008{{cite book |oclc=1874054 |last=Kobayashi |first=T. |year=1933 |title=The cannery boat |location=New York |publisher=International publishers }}

Kobayashi's principal works have been translated into numerous languages, including Russian, Chinese, English, Korean, Spanish, Basque, Italian, Portuguese, German, French, Polish, Czech and Norwegian.

In 1933, The Cannery Boat and other Japanese short stories was published by the International Publishers in New York. The anonymous translator was William Maxwell "Max" Bickerton. Because of censorship, the translation of the title text (Kanikōsen) is incomplete, comprising slightly more than half of the original. The full text of the novel did not become available in Japan until 1948.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

In 1973, an English translation of Kobayashi's two novels by Frank Motofuji under the titles The Factory Ship (Kanikōsen) and The Absentee Landlord (Fuzai jinushi) was published by the University of Tokyo Press under sponsorship from UNESCO.{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/lit/rep/pop.php?fnc=record&lng=en_GB&record=5731|title=The Factory Ship (Kani kosen. The Absentee Landlord Fuzai jinushi)}}

In 2013, The Crab Cannery Ship and Other Novels of Struggle was published by the University of Hawaii Press. In addition to a new translation of the title text (Kanikōsen), the book includes Yasuko and Life of a Party Member (Tōseikatsusha). The introduction is by Yōichi Komori, professor of Japanese literature at Tokyo University. The translator is Željko Cipriš.

In 2013, "Kani Kosen: Sebuah Revolusi" was published by the Jalasutra Publisher, Indonesia as an Indonesia version of Takijis work, Kani Kosen.

The Crab Cannery Ship ('Le bateau-usine'){{cite web|url=https://www.editions-allia.com/fr/auteur/392/takiji-kobayashi|title=Editions Allia - Auteur - Takiji Kobayashi|website=www.editions-allia.com|accessdate=30 January 2019|language=fr}} and The Absentee Landlord (Le propriétaire absent){{cite web|url=http://www.editionsamsterdam.fr/takiji-kobayashi/|title=Takiji Kobayashi|website=www.editionsamsterdam.fr|date=15 July 2017 |accessdate=30 January 2019|language=fr}} were published in French in 2010 and 2017 respectively.

The Otaru Takiji-sai Jikko Iinkai is a coterie of Takiji Kobayashi's admirers. They organized an 80th anniversary commemorating Kobayashi's death in Hokkaido. Amongst those who attended the 80th anniversary was Norma Field. Katsuo Terai serves as chairman of the Takiji-sai.{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2013/10/18/our-lives/norma-field-champion-of-japans-leftist-literature-retires-but-not-from-anti-nuclear-activism/#.VTq12JOYFht|title=Norma Field, champion of Japan's leftist literature, retires — but not from anti-nuclear activism|work=The Japan Times |date=Oct 18, 2013}} The larger Takiji Sai tend to be in locales that were important to Takiji's life like Otaru, Akita, and the Greater Tokyo Suginami-Nakano-Shibuya Memorials. Takiji Sai are evening events, and feature a musical program as well as talks on Takiji's life and works.{{cite web|url=http://japanfocus.org/-Heather-Bowen_Struyk/3180/article.html|title=Why a Boom in Proletarian Literature in Japan? The Kobayashi Takiji Memorial and The Factory Ship |publisher=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|date=June 29, 2009}}

Suite Slaughter (Kumikyoku Gyakusatsu) is a musical written by Inoue Hisashi, and depicts Kobayashi from the time he was picked up for questioning in Osaka in May 1930 till his death three years later. The play opened on 3 October 2009 at the Galaxy Theater (Ginga Gekijō) at Tennozu Isle in Tokyo. After “Suite Slaughter” closes at the Galaxy Theater on Oct. 25, it plans to travel to the Hyogo Performing Arts Center in Nishinomiya, and the Kawanishicho Friendly Plaza in Yamagata.{{cite web|url=http://japanfocus.org/-Roger-Pulvers/3237/article.html|title= Suite Slaughter: Inoue Hisashi's play on the life and death of Kobayashi Takiji by Roger Pulvers|publisher= The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus|date= October 19, 2009}} According to The Japan Times, “Suite Slaughter” premiered successfully in its premiere in October 2009 and picked up several prestigious awards.{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2012/12/27/stage/social-awareness-takes-center-stage/#.VTrIaJOYFhu|title=Social awareness takes center stage by Nobuko Tanaka |work=The Japan Times|date= Dec 27, 2012}}

A Takiji Library was established by Sano Chikara, a businessman who graduated from Kobayashi's alma mater, Otaru University of Commerce. The Takiji Library became a centralized source of information. It sponsored the publication of ten books, including a manga version of "The Cannery Ship". The Takiji Library, together with Otaru University, co-sponsored a series of international symposia. The Takiji Library, and the Otaru University for Commerce, co-sponsored an essay contest on "The Cannery Ship".{{cite web|url=http://www.japanfocus.org/-norma-field/3058/article.html|title= Commercial Appetite and Human Need: The Accidental and Fated Revival of Kobayashi Takiji's Cannery Ship| last = Field | first = Norma |publisher= Japan Focus|date= February 22, 2009}}{{cite web|url= https://www.takiji-library.jp/|title= Takiji Library Website|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150907203315/https://www.takiji-library.jp/|archivedate= 2015-09-07}}

Strike the Hour, Takiji is a documentary film on Kobayashi's life. It was released in 2005.{{cite web|url=http://home.b09.itscom.net/takiji/|title= 時代を撃て多喜二ホームペー|publisher= Itscom.net|date=}}

The Otaru Literary Museum features several Japanese writers, including Takiji Kobayashi. Takiji's bronze death mask is located in the Otaru Literary Museum. Tamagawa Kaoru, the curator of the museum, states that the museum has had a bump in attendance from the “Kani kosen boom”.

The "Kani kosen boom" has brought a tangible excitement to Otaru city, a city that boasts Takiji Kobayashi's grave and has a compelling claim to be his hometown. There are books that describe Takiji “literary walks” for fans to retrace places of significance to Takiji Kobayashi. As a result of the “Kani kosen boom”, there is also a Japan Tourist Bureau bus tour. The tour starts at the Otaru Literary Museum, a museum that features Takiji, and other Japanese writers. The bus then tours around Otaru, and makes a special visit to the gravesite of Takiji Kobayashi.

On October 9, 1965, the Takiji Kobayashi Literary Monument was unveiled. The unveiling was held at the Asahi observatory overlooking Otaru City. The monument was built by Japanese sculptor Hongo Shin.{{cite web|url=http://www.hongoshin-smos.jp/sculpture/kobayashitakiji.html|title=小林多喜二文学碑 小樽の街と人々を愛する思いを連ねた美しい言葉|publisher=Hongo Shin memorial Museum of Sculpture, Sapporo|date=July 1, 2005}}

• Kanikōsen, University of Hawaii Press (January 31, 2013), {{ISBN|0824837428}}, {{ISBN|978-0824837426}}
• March 15, 1928 (based on the March 15 incident)
• Yasuko
• Life of a Party Member
• The Absentee Landlord. Translated in English in "The factory ship" and "The absentee landlord" in UNESCO collection of representative works: Japanese series - University of Washington Press; First American edition (1973), {{ISBN|0295952857}}, {{ISBN|978-0295952857}}
• ”The Dogs That Kill Men”

• Japanese dissidence during the Shōwa period

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book | last = Keene| first = Donald| year = 1998 | title = Dawn to the West: Japanese Literature of the Modern Era - Fiction| publisher = Columbia University Press| isbn=9780231114349}}
• {{cite book | editor1-last = Bowen-Struyk| editor1-first = Heather| editor2-last = Field| editor2-first = Norma | year = 2016 | title = For Dignity, Justice, and Revolution: An Anthology of Japanese Proletarian Literature| publisher = University of Chicago Press| isbn=9780226068374}}
• {{cite book | translator-last = Cipris| translator-first = Zeljko | year = 2013 | title = The Crab Cannery Ship and Other Novels of Struggle| publisher = University of Hawai’i Press| isbn=9780824837426}}

• [http://brooklynrail.org/2017/10/fiction/The-Dogs-That-Kill-Men English translation of “The Dogs That Kill Men”] by Bonnie Huie in the Brooklyn Rail
• [http://www.aozora.gr.jp/index_pages/person156.html#sakuhin_list_1 e-texts of Takiji's works] at Aozora bunko
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080530123353/http://www.horror-house.jp/e/cat4/takiji-kobayashi-19031933.html Takiji Kobayashi's grave]
• [http://marxists.org/deutsch/archiv/kobayashi/1928/xx/maerz.htm German translation of "March 15, 1928"] at [http://marxists.org/ Marxists.org]
• {{cite web|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/185467523?searchTerm=takiji%20communist&searchLimits=|title= JAPANESE THINKERS PERSECUTED|publisher= Daily Standard |date= Jun 17, 1933}}
• {{cite web|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/209422509?searchTerm=takiji%20communist&searchLimits=|title= Communist Leaders Murdered In Japan|publisher= The Workers' Weekly |date= Jun 2, 1933}}
• {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iz4uryJ9o8Q|title= Nippon no Higeki aka A Japanese Tragedy (Fumio Kamei, 1946)|publisher= Nippon Eigasha|date=1946|accessdate=}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kobayashi, Takiji}}

Category:1903 births

Category:1933 deaths

Category:Japanese communists

Category:Japanese Marxists

Category:Japanese socialists

Category:20th-century Japanese novelists

Category:Japanese people who died in prison custody

Category:Japanese torture victims

Category:Marxist writers

Category:Writers from Akita Prefecture

Category:People from Ōdate, Akita

Category:People from Otaru

Category:Communist writers

Category:Prisoners who died in Japanese detention

Category:Writers from Hokkaido