Tanbūra (lyre)

{{short description|Traditional string instrument}}

{{other uses|Tanbur (disambiguation)}}

File:Carl Haag A Nubian harper.jpg, 1858]]

The tanbūra or "Kissar" is a bowl lyre of East Africa and the Middle East. Tanbūra traces its etymology to the Persian tanbur via the Arabic tunbur ({{lang|ar|طنبور}}), though this term refers to long-necked lutes. The instrument probably originated in Upper Egypt and the Sudan in Nubia and is used in the Fann At-Tanbura in the Persian Gulf Arab States. It also plays an important role in zār rituals.{{cite NewGrove2001 |title=Tanbūra |last=Poché |first=Christian |volume=xxv |pages=62-63 |url=https://www-oxfordmusiconline-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000046906?rskey=TWXvKN}}

The tanbūra is a member of a family of lyres which can be found, with variations, in many areas throughout East Africa: compare the Ugandan Endongo and Kenya Nyatiti. According to ethnomusicologist Christian Poché, the Sudanese style of lyre has been played throughout "Egypt, Sudan, Djibouti, North Yemen, Southern Iraq and the Gulf States."

In Sudan, the tanbūra (or tanbur) is also called a rabāba. The North Sudanese version is typically five-stringed with a larger size, while the ones from the South and the Nuba hills usually have six strings and are smaller in size. They're decorated with colorful beads, tassels, charms, cowrie shells, plastic fruit, and small mirrors. The rabāba player is called a sanjak, and plays it by holding it with his left hand, aided by the support of a strap. The fingers (and in the case of six-stringed versions, palm) of the left hand rest on the strings from behind. The right holds a plectrum made of bull's horn called a garin. Sound is made by plucking strings with the plectrum and moving fingers to create "free strings" (strings with fingers pressed against them have their sound dampened). The bottom rests on the ground, legs, or arm depending on size (here from biggest to smallest).{{Cite book |last=Markis |first=G.P. |title=Changing Masters: Spirit Possession and Identity Construction among Slave Descendants and Other Subordinates in the Sudan |pages=52}}