Tangiwai disaster

File:Ka class locomotive, New Zealand Railways no 949, 4-8-4 type ATLIB 336625.png, the locomotive involved in the accident]]

On 24 December 1953, the 3 p.m. express train from Wellington to Auckland consisted of a K^A class steam locomotive hauling 11 carriages: five second-class, four first-class, a Guard's van and a postal van. With 285 passengers and crew,{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|p=4}} the train was stated by a witness—the station agent at Tangiwai railway station—to have passed through right on time at 10:20 pm at about {{convert|40|mph|round=5}}.{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|p=5}} The specified maximum track speed between Hīhītahi (to the south of Tangiwai) and Ohakune (to the north) at the time was {{convert|50|mph}}.{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|p=5}} There was no evidence presented to the board of inquiry regarding any calculations made or indications of the speed of the locomotive either as it approached the incident site or at the time of the incident.

File:Tangiwai disaster destroyed bridge.jpg

Approaching the bridge over the Whangaehu River at Tangiwai, in response either to passerby Cyril Ellis standing by the track and waving a torch or upon seeing the condition of the bridge, driver Charles Parker shut off steam and initiated an emergency air brake application, while his fireman, Lance Redman, shut off the oil supply valve for the fire. These actions can be assumed from the state of locomotive cab controls observed following the incident. However, these actions could not stop the train from running onto the bridge, which collapsed, sending the locomotive, its oil tender and the first five second-class carriages into the flooded river.{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|p=4}} The leading first-class carriage teetered over the edge of the bridge before its coupling to the rest of the train snapped and it rolled down into the river as well. The remaining last three first-class carriages, the guard's van and the postal van remained on the track.{{sfn|Conly|Stewart|1991|pp=6–7}}

The death toll of 151 people consisted of Parker, Redman, 148 second-class passengers and one first-class passenger. Twenty of the bodies were never found and were presumed to have been carried {{cvt|120|km|mi}} downriver to the sea.{{sfn|Conly|Stewart|1991|p=7}} Among the dead was Nerissa Love, the fiancée of cricketer Bob Blair, who was playing in a test match in South Africa at the same time. On going out to bat after his loss, Blair received a standing ovation.

File:The Auckland Star 26 December 1953.jpg newspaper of 26 December]]

After the incident, Cyril Ellis informed the train's guard, William Inglis, of what had happened. The two entered the sixth carriage{{mdash}}which was then still balanced precariously on the bridge's edge{{mdash}}in an attempt to save the passengers. While they were in the carriage, it tumbled off the bridge and Ellis and Inglis, with the assistance of the passenger John Holman, smashed a window and helped the passengers out of the first-class carriage. Out of the carriage's 24 occupants only one died, a 19-year-old girl who was trapped in her seat and drowned.{{sfn|Conly|Stewart|1991|pp=15–16}}

Shortly after the accident, rescue teams departed from Waiouru {{cvt|5|mi|km|0|disp=flip}} east of Tangiwai. These included soldiers from Waiouru Army Camp, radio operators from Irirangi Naval Communications Station and workmen from the Waiouru Ministry of Works (MOW) camp. By midnight, the first survivors had been admitted into the Waiouru Camp Hospital, and by 4 a.m. the following day{{mdash}}Christmas morning{{mdash}}the first bodies had been transported to a makeshift mortuary at the camp.{{Cite web |title=Dealing with the dead - Tangiwai disaster {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/tangiwai-disaster/dealing-with-death |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516230540/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/tangiwai-disaster/dealing-with-death |url-status=live }}

File:Prince_Philip,_Karori_Cemetery,_1953.jpg, Karori Cemetery, 31 December 1953]]

Prime Minister Sidney Holland arrived at Tangiwai early on Christmas morning after a high-speed drive down from Auckland. He coordinated the rescue work by railway, military, police, MOW, local farmers and undertakers. While the New Zealand Army led efforts near the accident site, local farmers recovered bodies further down the Whangaehu River; at Fields Track, Mount View, Mangamahu, Kauangaroa, Whangaehu village and the river mouth. The bodies were taken by truck to Wanganui and thence by rail to Waiouru, where police and undertakers identified them. Local people recovered 60 bodies from the Mangamāhū section of the river over the following few days, although 20 bodies were never recovered and are thought to have washed out to sea.{{Cite web |title=Search and rescue - Tangiwai disaster {{!}} NZHistory, New Zealand history online |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/responding-to-tragedy/tangiwai-1953 |access-date=2021-05-16 |website=nzhistory.govt.nz |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516230304/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/responding-to-tragedy/tangiwai-1953 |url-status=live }}

For their actions, Ellis and Holman received the George Medal in the 1954 New Zealand bravery awards. Inglis and a passing traveller, Arthur Dewar Bell, both received the British Empire Medal for actions that saved fifteen lives. Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh were visiting New Zealand on their first royal tour when the disaster occurred. The Queen made her Christmas broadcast from Auckland, finishing with a message of sympathy to the people of New Zealand. The Duke of Edinburgh attended a state funeral for many of the victims.{{cite web |title=Tangiwai Railway Disaster 1953 |publisher=Christchurch City Libraries |access-date=5 November 2012 |url=http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/kids/nzdisasters/tangiwai.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023214235/http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/kids/nzdisasters/tangiwai.asp |archive-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}

A board of inquiry was appointed to look into the cause of the accident; this sat in public from 26 January until 2 April and reported on 23 April 1954.{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|pp=3, 24}} The bridge had eight piers and seven spans. After the accident, four piers had been damaged and five spans dislodged.{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|pp=16–17}} The board found that a lahar from Mount Ruapehu had removed the fourth pier a few minutes before the train started to cross the bridge. Their subsequent report stated:

"The relative positions of the 44 ft. girder (span 3) and the first car (A. 1907) dictate that the girder was removed before the passage of the first car. This girder must therefore have been removed either before the locomotive arrived on the span or during the passage of the locomotive and tender over the span. If this girder was removed during the passage of the locomotive, there is a strong inference that some part of the heavy structure of the locomotive would have hit girder No. 2. There was, however, no evidence of extensive damage to girder No. 2, and it may therefore be inferred that girder No. 3 was not removed during the passage of the locomotive across it. Span 3 was therefore carried away before the locomotive entered upon it and there was a strong inference that Pier No. 4 was carried away before the train passed over it. This would also cause span 4 to be carried away. There is also a strong inference that Pier 4 was removed by the lahar and that this caused the accident."{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|pp=8, 17}} The bridge had been designed for foreseeable flooding and for previous lahars that had different characteristics to the 1953 lahar, the forces of which had been unpredictable.{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|p=18}}{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|p=20}}

The official report had this to say about the facts as presented to it: "Much of the evidence submitted relating to the order of events at the crucial time of the destruction of the bridge and of the train and of the conditions about the bridge, including the bed of the river, rests on inferences on which the Board is asked to make findings of fact. It seems unavoidable that the reconstruction of some events and circumstances must rest on such a foundation..." The Board also stated, "...it is appropriate to record that in respect of every member of the train crew of train No. 626 and of every member of the Way and Works and Traffic Branches whose duties can be regarded as being involved in the accident there has been no failure to exercise reasonable care or fulfill any duty or responsibility reasonably to be expected of that member in the circumstances leading to the accident."{{sfn|Inquiry Report|1954|p=21}}

{{multiple image

| total_width = 400

| image1 = Loco 949 Tangiwai.JPG

| caption1 = Number plate from K^A 949, on display in the Auckland War Memorial Museum

| image2 = Tangiwai Rail Bridge.jpg

| caption2 = The site of the disaster as of July 2020. A concrete pier belonging to the bridge destroyed in the disaster remains visible

}}

Following the disaster, the New Zealand Railways Department installed a lahar warning system upstream in the river to alert train control to high river flows. The early warning system installed in 1999 measures the river level using radar and sends the level to the Network Control Centre at Wellington railway station via an RF link to Waiouru and then via the signalling network to Wellington. If the river changes level, an alarm is triggered which alerts staff to the fact. If the level indicates a significant risk, the control centre sets the signals on either side of the Tangiwai bridge to danger and warns trains in the area to stay clear by radio. The system has a failsafe feature which automatically sends a fault signal to the control centre. In such a situation, trains in the area are restricted to {{cvt|25|km/h|mph|0}} and told to take extreme care over the Tangiwai bridge. Since 2002, it has also been backed up by the Eastern Ruapehu Lahar Alarm and Warning System (ERLAWS).{{cite web |author=Tony Taig |date=October 2002 |title=Ruapehu Lahar Residual Risk Assessment |url=https://www.civildefence.govt.nz/resources/ruapehu-lahar-residual-risk-assessment/ |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=Civil Defence |publisher=TTAC |page=32 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516224750/https://www.civildefence.govt.nz/resources/ruapehu-lahar-residual-risk-assessment/ |url-status=live }}

A lahar of similar magnitude to the one from 1953 occurred on 18 March 2007. The early warning systems worked as planned, stopping trains and motorists at Tangiwai before the lahar hit. The newer bridges held up to the lahar, and trains resumed operation after inspection.{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10429432 |title=Photos: Lahar could have been much worse |date=18 March 2007 |agency=NZPA |work=The New Zealand Herald |access-date=17 November 2011 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024122238/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10429432 |url-status=live }}

In recognition of the disaster itself, and the effect that it had on the concurrent Test match between New Zealand and South Africa, since 2024 the Test cricket teams of New Zealand and South Africa play for the Tangiwai Shield.{{cite news |author= |date=2 February 2024 |title=Tangiwai Shield, commemorating 1953 rail disaster, to go to winners of NZ vs SA Test series |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/nz-vs-sa-tangiwai-shield-commemorating-1953-rail-disaster-to-go-to-winners-of-test-series-1419234e |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202075724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/nz-vs-sa-tangiwai-shield-commemorating-1953-rail-disaster-to-go-to-winners-of-test-series-1419234 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024|ref=none}}

File:TangiwaiMemorialPlaque1b.jpg In May 1993, the Television New Zealand Communicado co-produced Heroes series had an episode covering the Tangiwai Disaster.{{Cite web |title=Tangiwai rail disaster |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/30748729 |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=natlib.govt.nz}}

The 2002 documentary The Truth About Tangiwai, directed by New Zealand filmmaker David Sims, examines events surrounding the tragedy.{{Cite web |last=Screen |first=NZ On |title=The Truth about Tangiwai {{!}} Television {{!}} NZ On Screen |url=https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/the-truth-about-the-tangiwai-rail-disaster |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.nzonscreen.com |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609172305/https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/the-truth-about-the-tangiwai-rail-disaster |url-status=live }}

In 2011, a television film about the disaster was made by Lippy Pictures for Television New Zealand. Entitled Tangiwai: A Love Story, it follows the disaster and the love story between Blair and Love (portrayed by Ryan O'Kane and Rose McIver respectively). It premiered on TV One on 14 August 2011.{{cite web |access-date=12 August 2011 |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/new-zealand/news/article.cfm?l_id=71&objectid=10743254 |title=Death and the maiden: The tale of 'Tangiwai' |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=6 August 2010 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025191303/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/new-zealand/news/article.cfm?l_id=71&objectid=10743254 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1922735/ |title=Tangiwai (2011) |publisher=IMDb |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819052805/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1922735/ |url-status=live }} A play written and performed by Auckland actor Jonny Brugh, The Second Test, tells the same story from Blair's perspective, emphasizing his commitment to continue playing after hearing of the tragedy.{{cite news |newspaper=Otago Daily Times |date=30 March 2011 |url=http://www.odt.co.nz/sport/cricket/153898/cricket-emotion-blairs-story-brought-stage |title=Cricket: Emotion of Blair's story brought to stage |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017235043/http://www.odt.co.nz/sport/cricket/153898/cricket-emotion-blairs-story-brought-stage |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last1=Conly |first1=Geoff |last2=Stewart |first2=Graham |title=Tragedy on the Track: Tangiwai & Other New Zealand Railway Accidents |date=1 October 1991 |publisher=Grantham House |isbn=978-1-86934-008-7}}
• {{cite book |title=Tangiwai Railway Disaster: Report of the Board of Inquiry |date=30 April 1954 |publisher=RE Owen |ref={{harvid|Inquiry Report|1954}}}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20030319103107/http://www.taic.org.nz/rail/tangiwai_rail_disaster.pdf Archived] at archive.org. Retrieved 5 November 2012
• {{cite web |url=https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/search-use-collection/search/12847/ |title=Tangiwai Remembered (anniversary) (audio, 1993) |publisher=Nga Taonga (NZ) |date=1993 |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629122831/https://www.ngataonga.org.nz/search-use-collection/search/12847/ |url-status=live }}

{{refend}}

• {{cite book |author1=Kevin Boon |author2=Nelson Price Milburn |title=Tangiwai Rail Disaster |date=1 October 1990 |publisher=Nelson Price Milburn |isbn=978-0-7055-1483-5}}
• {{cite book |author=Bruce Morris |title=Darkest Days |year=1987 |publisher=Wilson & Horton |isbn=978-0-86864-087-7}}
• {{cite book |last=Le Vay |first=Benedict |title=Weeping Waters:When Train meets Volcano |year=2013 |publisher=One Particular House |location=London}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/node/963 NZHistory.net.nz feature – includes film and sound]
• [http://danger-ahead.railfan.net/accidents/tangiwai/home.html Danger Ahead! – Historic Railway Disasters article]
• [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=31528 Pathe newsreel] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024110150/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=31528 |date=24 October 2011 }}

{{1953 railway accidents}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Railway accidents and incidents in New Zealand

Category:Derailments in New Zealand

Category:Railway accidents in 1953

Category:Dam failures in Oceania

Category:History of Manawatū-Whanganui

Category:Bridge disasters in New Zealand

Category:Bridge disasters caused by scour damage

Category:December 1953 in Oceania

Category:Lahars

Category:1953 disasters in New Zealand