Tatar alphabet#Latin version

{{Main|İske imlâ alphabet|Yaña imlâ alphabet|Latinisation in the Soviet Union|Yañalif|Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union|Common Turkic Alphabet|Crimean Tatar alphabet}}

Before 1928, the Tatar language was usually written using alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet: İske imlâ alphabet before 1920 and Yaña imlâ alphabet in 1920–1927. Some letters such as چ and پ were borrowed from the Persian alphabet and the letter ﯓ (called nef or sağır kef) was borrowed from Chagatai. The writing system was inherited from Volga Bulgar.

The most ancient of Tatar literature (Qíssai Yosıf by Qol-Ğäli, written in Old Tatar language) was created in the beginning of the 13th century. Until 1905 all literature was in Old Tatar, which was partly derived from the Bolgar language and not intelligible with modern Tatar. Since 1905 newspaper publishers started using modern Tatar. In 1918 the Arabic-based alphabet was revised: some new letters for Tatar sounds were added and some Arabic letters deleted. The Latin-based Jaꞑalif alphabet was in use between 1928 and 1939 and the Cyrillic-based alphabet has been used ever since.

Some scholars regard Institutiones linguae Turcicae libri quator ("The Basic Rules of the Turkic Language"), written in Latin by Hieronymus Megiser and printed in Leipzig in 1612, being the first example of a Turkic text printed in Arabic script, as a first printed Tatar book.Ученые записки Таврического национального университета имени В. И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология. Социальные коммуникации». Том 26 (65). No. 1, ч. 1. 2013 г. С. 266–274. Meanwhile Hieronymus Megiser's Chorographia Tartariae{{cite web|title= Chorographia Tartariae: oder warhafftige Beschreibung der uberaus wunderbahrlichen Reise, welche ... Marcus Polus, mit dem zunahmen Million ... in die Oriental und Morgenländer, sonderlich aber in die Tartarey ... verrichtet ... — Leipzig, 1611 |url= https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/polo1611/0075/thumbs|website= Heidelberg University Library }} published in 1611 describes a unique [https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/polo1611/0450/image Tartarian alphabet] and cites the Lord’s Prayer in the Tartarian language, written in Latin script. The first Turkic-Tatar printed publication in RussiaПервое тюрко-татарское печатное издание в России: манифест Петра I 1722 года / сост. И.Г.Хадиев, науч. ред. М.А.Усманов. – Казань: Татар. кн. изд-во, 2010. – 118 с. appears to be Peter the Great's Manifest, printed in Arabic script and published in Astrakhan in 1722.

Printed books appeared en masse in 1801 when the first private typography ("Oriental typography") in Kazan appeared.

The first unsuccessful attempt to publish a Tatar newspaper was in 1808, when professor of mathematics at Kazan University, I.I. Zapolsky, proposed publishing a newspaper "The Kazan News" in both Russian and Tatar languages. Zapolsky's untimely death in 1810 thwarted the project. The first successful attempt to publish a newspaper in Tatar was in 1905. On September 2, the first issue of the newspaper "Nur" was published in St. Petersburg by Gataulla Bayazitov. The second Tatar newspaper, "Kazan Muhbire," came into existence on October 29, 1905. The publisher of the newspaper was a member of the Kazan City Council, Saidgirey Alkin.

The first Tatar typewriter was created in Tatarstan in the 1920s and used the Arabic-based alphabet.

File:Tatar Latin Janalif Arabic 1928.png|Tatar Latin Janalif and Tatar Arabic script, 1927

File:Borongi bolgarlar Gaziz cover.jpg|Cover page of a Tatar Yana imla book printed in 1924

File:Хальфин Азбука татарского языка 1778.pdf|A Tatar alphabet book printed in 1778. Arabic script is used, Cyrillic text is in Russian.[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_1778.pdf Хальфин, Сагит. Азбука татарского языка. — М., 1778. — 52 с.]

File:Tatar Alphabet.jpg|The original Tatar alphabet

In 1930s Turkey became a potential enemy of the Soviet Union. Even though Turkish alphabet, introduced in 1928, was different from Jaꞑalif, for Soviet officials the Latin script was a symbol of the Western world. This motivated switching all Turkic languages of the USSR to Cyrillic script.

This was not the first project of introducing Cyrillic script for the Tatar language. Since 1861, the Keräşens ethnic group had used Nikolay Ilminsky's alphabet, based on pre-1917 Russian orthography which used fita and dotted I to spell Orthodox proper names, additional Cyrillic letters Ӓ, Ӧ, Ӱ for Tatar vowels, and the ligature Ҥ for {{IPA|[ŋ]}}. This alphabet is related to the Mari alphabet, and was used because Christian Tatars couldn't use the Arabic script. By the 1930s, Ilminsky's alphabet was forgotten and could not be used due to its religious origin. In 1938 professor M. Fazlullin introduced an adaptation of the Russian alphabet for the Tatar language, without any additional characters. Tatar sounds absent from Russian were to be represented with the digraphs Жь, Нь, Хь, Аь, Уь, Оь, Ый.{{cite book|isbn=5-85840-330-1 |title=Тюрко-татарское письмо: история, состояние и перспективы |last1=Zăkiev |first1=M. Z. |date=2005 |publisher=Инсан }}{{cite book|title=Татар теленең алфавиты hәм орфография тарихы|author=Курбатов, Хәлиф Рәхим улы|publisher=Tatar Book Publishers|location=Kazan|year=1960|page=102}}

In 1939 Qorbangaliev and Ramazanov offered their own projects that planned to use additional Cyrillic characters. Letters Ө, Ә, Ү, Һ were inherited from Jaꞑalif, but Җ and Ң were invented by analogy with Щ and Ц. ⟨Гъ⟩ and ⟨къ⟩ were suggested to designate {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[q]}}, spelled in Jaꞑalif as ⟨ƣ⟩ and ⟨q⟩ correspondingly. In Ramazanov's project {{IPA|[w]}} (Jaꞑalif ⟨v⟩) was spelled as ⟨в⟩ before a vowel, and as ⟨у⟩ or ⟨ү⟩ in the end of a syllable. On 5 May 1939, Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of Tatar ASSR issued the decree "On switching Tatar writing from the Latin-based alphabet to an alphabet based on Russian glyphs", which opened with a declaration that the switch was enacted "in response to numerous requests by Tatar workers, kolkhozniks, and intelligentsia."{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9pBAAAAYAAJ&q=%22%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%22|title = Татарская АССР: реальность и буржуазные мифы|last1 = Абдуллин|first1 = Мидхат|last2 = Батыев|first2 = С. Г.|year = 1977}} The Tatar society disagreed to this project, and during a conference in July 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet was amended. The updated alphabet was accepted on 10 January 1941.

{{IPA|[q]}} and {{IPA|[ʁ]}} are allophones of {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in the environment of back vowels, and the accepted spelling doesn't explicitly distinguish between the allophones in each pair. When ⟨га/го/гу/гы/ка/ко/ку/кы⟩ is followed by a "soft syllable", containing one of the front vowels ⟨ә, е, ө, и, ү⟩ or the soft sign ⟨ь⟩, they are pronounced as [ʁæ/ʁɵ/ʁy/ʁe/qæ/qɵ/qy/qe], otherwise as [ʁɑ/ʁo/ʁu/ʁɤ/qɑ/qo/qu/qɤ]. ⟨гә/гө/гү/ге/кә/кө/кү/ке⟩ are pronounced as [ɡæ/ɡɵ/ɡy/ɡe/kæ/kɵ/ky/ke]. Similar rules apply to ⟨е, ю, я⟩ which could be pronounced as either [je, jy, jæ] or [jɤ, ju, jɑ]. The soft sign is not used to show palatalization as in Russian, but to show qualities of vowels where they are not determinable through vowel harmony. Unlike modern Russian, some words can end with ⟨гъ⟩, representing {{IPA|[ʁ]}} after a front vowel, as in ⟨балигъ⟩ [bɑliʁ] ("baligh"). In total, the Tatar Cyrillic script requires the Russian alphabet plus 6 extra letters: Әә, Өө, Үү, Җҗ, Ңң, Һһ. All Russian loanwords are written as in Russian and should be pronounced with Russian pronunciation.

The complexity of the orthographic rules had led to discussions about amending the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet again; these included sessions in the Kazan branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (KFAN) which were conducted in January 1954 and in February–March 1959, but did not result in any specific proposal for a new alphabet. In 1972, prof. Nikolai Baskakov suggested three new letters to be added to the Tatar Cyrillic alphabet: Қ, Ғ and Ў for the sounds {{IPA|[q]}}, {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}, to make the Tatar spelling phonetic. On 18 May 1989, the Orthographic Commission formed by the KFAN published the new alphabet, which included Baskakov's three new letters, and the new spelling rules.{{Cite news|last=Агеева|first=Л.|date=1989-05-18|title=Pljus tri novye bukvy|script-title=ru:Плюс три новые буквы|trans-title=Plus three new letters|lang=ru|url=http://history-kazan.ru/ya-tebya-ponimayu/14524-plyus-tri-novye-bukvy|work=Večernjaja Kazanʹ|script-work=ru:Вечерняя Казань|trans-work=Evening Kazan|via=Казанские Истории}} The new alphabetic order was as follows, with the new letters shown in brackets:

: А Ә Б В [Ў] Г [Ғ] Д Е (Ё) Ж Җ З И Й К [Қ] Л М Н Ң О Ө П Р С Т У Ү Ф Х Һ Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я

The spelling system of 1940 had led to many homographs and near-homographs between Tatar and Russian which had totally different pronunciation, e.g. ⟨гарь⟩ [ʁær] "shame" and ⟨гарь⟩ [ɡarʲ] "cinder". This presented difficulties for pupils learning the two spelling systems for the two languages simultaneously. One of the goals for the new spelling system was that the same sequence of letters would correspond to the same sounds, whether in a Russian word or in a Tatar word. Yet, the amended orthography was never formally adopted, as the popular opinion in the 1990s leaned towards switching to a Latin-based alphabet, instead of changing the Cyrillic one. Thus, on 20 July 1994, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan approved a gradual transition to Latin-based script;{{cite news|url=https://rt-online.ru/p-doc-postkonst-66380/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724191018/http://rt-online.ru/p-doc-postkonst-66380/|archive-date=2018-07-24|lang=ru|script-title=ru:Постановление Конституционного суда Республики Татарстан|trans-title=Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan|location=Kazan|date=2003-12-26|publisher=Газета Республика Татарстан|access-date=2023-12-02}} the urgency of such transition was included in the resolution of the Second World Congress of the Tatars in 1997.{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/71372|title = Всемирный конгресс татар: 20 лет спустя| trans-title=World Tatar Congress: 20 years later|lang=ru|date=2012-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822031614/https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/71372|archive-date=2023-08-22|publisher=Бизнес Online}} Recognizing the popular demand, on 15 September 1999, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan issued the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs".{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.tataroved.ru/publication/npop/5/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107022025/http://www.tataroved.ru/publication/npop/5/|archive-date=2023-11-07|access-date=2023-12-02|script-title=ru:Реформы письменности татарского языка: прошлое и настоящее| trans-title=Reforms of the Tatar language writing: past and present|last1=Измайлов|first1=И.Л.|last2=Каримов|first2=И.Р.| magazine=Родина|year=1999|issue=11|lang=ru}} Despite the name of the decree, the new Latin alphabet was significantly different from Jaꞑalif, and its letters had one-to-one correspondence with the proposed Cyrillic alphabet from 1989.{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/917005056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508140902/http://docs.cntd.ru/document/917005056 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |script-title=ru:О восстановлении татарского алфавита на основе латинской графики|trans-title=On the restoration of the Tatar alphabet based on Latin script|first=М.Ш.|last=Шаймиев|date=1999-09-15|lang=ru}} On 27 September 2000, the Cabinet of Ministers updated the new Latin alphabet, replacing the three uncommon characters inherited from Jaꞑalif (Ə, Ɵ, Ꞑ) with those present in Latin-1 encoding and in most computer fonts.{{cite web |url=http://docs.cntd.ru/document/917006660 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121055621/http://docs.cntd.ru/document/917006660 |archive-date=2015-11-21 |script-title=ru:О стандартах кодировки символов татарского алфавита на основе латинской графики и базовых программах для компьютерных применений|trans-title=About standards for encoding characters of the Tatar alphabet based on Latin graphics and basic programs for computer applications| author=Постановление Кабинета Министров Республики Татарстан|date=2000-09-27}}

{{clear}}

Before the 1980s, in the listing of the alphabet, extra letters were placed after the Russian ones, as shown above. The Tatar Parliament changed the alphabetic order in January 1997 to the one shown below.

The official Cyrillic version of the Tatar alphabet used in Tatarstan contains 39 letters:

А Ә Б В Г Д Е (Ё) Ж Җ З И Й К Л М Н Ң О Ө П Р С Т У Ү Ф Х Һ Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я

Due to the Russian Federal law, only Cyrillic alphabets may have official status in regions of the Russian Federation. There is ongoing confrontation with regards to adoption of the Latin script for the Tatar language.

According to the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs" from 1999, the new Latin alphabet would be in official use alongside the Cyrillic alphabet from 1 September 2001, and would become the sole alphabet in official use by 1 September 2011. Around the same time, the Republic of Karelia was pursuing official status for Karelian language, which also uses a Latin-based alphabet.{{cite web |url=http://gov.karelia.ru/News/2004/03/0318_08_e.html |title=18.03.2004 - Karelian, Vepps, and Finnish languages have got the state support in the Republic of Karelia |website=gov.karelia.ru |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223130432/http://gov.karelia.ru/News/2004/03/0318_08_e.html |archive-date=23 February 2012 |url-status=dead}} The Russian State Duma perceived the latinization of the two republics as a variety of language secessionism, and on 15 November 2002, they introduced an amendment into the law On the languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation stating that all official languages of the republics within the Russian Federation must use Cyrillic alphabets.[http://wbase.duma.gov.ru/ntc/vdoc.asp?kl=11635 ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН О внесении дополнения в статью 3 Закона Российской Федерации "О языках народов Российской Федерации" – Russian federal law which allows only the Cyrillic script for languages in RF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529204442/http://wbase.duma.gov.ru/ntc/vdoc.asp?kl=11635 |date=2007-05-29 }}

The Republic of Tatarstan challenged the amendment in the Constitutional Court of Russia, arguing that the State Duma doesn't have authority over the language policies of the constituent republics.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3718174.stm|title=Russia reconsiders Cyrillic law|date=5 October 2004|access-date=6 September 2016|via=bbc.co.uk}} On 16 November 2004, the Constitutional Court declined the appeal.{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Russian_Supreme_Court_Orders_Tatarstan_To_Change_Language_Law/1824139.html|title=Russian Supreme Court Orders Tatarstan To Change Language Law|newspaper=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=16 September 2009|access-date=6 September 2016|via=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty}} To comply with the court's decision, the decree "On restoring the Tatar alphabet based on Latin glyphs" was officially rescinded on 22 January 2005.{{Cite web|url=https://zakon-region3.ru/2/179237/|title = Решение Верховного суда Республики Татарстан от 28.12.2004 N 3п-1-32/2004}}

On 24 December 2012, a new Tatarstani law clarified that the new Latin alphabet, as specified in 2000, should be used as the official romanization for the Tatar language. It also specified Yaña imlâ as the official system for transliteration into the Arabic script. According to this law, requests to Tatarstani authorities may use the Latin and Arabic scripts, but the authorities' answers would be written in Cyrillic, with an optional transliteration into the other alphabets.{{cite web|url=http://www.gossov.tatarstan.ru/fs/site_documents_struc/zakon/2692_file_1_2013rus_ru.pdf|title=Law on the use of the Tatar language as the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan|date=24 December 2012|access-date=8 November 2013|quote=Article 5.2: "Regarding state bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, requests from individuals and organizations to the local authorities in the Republic of Tatarstan in the Tatar language, written in the Latin or Arabic script, are answered in the Tatar language using characters of the Cyrillic alphabet. A reply in the Tatar language using Latin characters or Arabic script may be attached to the official response."|language=ru|publisher=Government of the Republic of Tatarstan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220757/http://www.gossov.tatarstan.ru/fs/site_documents_struc/zakon/2692_file_1_2013rus_ru.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-03}}{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/510673792.html|title=Tatar Youth Organization Seeks to Bolster Tatar Nationalism|date=22 January 2013|access-date=24 October 2013|publisher=The Jamestown Foundation}}{{Cite web |url= https://cdnstatic.rg.ru/uploads/attachments/73/99/43/pril.pdf |title= Law of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the use of the Tatar language as the state language of the Republic of Tatarstan" with an appendix (correspondence table)}} As of 2020, Cyrillic remains the only official script in Tatarstan.

Zamanälif-2 (Tatar for "modern alphabet") contains 34 letters:

A, Ä, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, İ, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, Ö, P, Q, R, S, Ş, T, U, Ü, V, W, X, Y, Z.

There are 10 vowels and 25 consonants. In addition to the ISO basic Latin alphabet, the following 9 letters are used: Çç, Ğğ, Şş, Ññ, Ää, Öö, Üü, Iı, İi.

Tatar vowels are: a/ä, o/ö, u/ü, ıy/i, ı/e.

The symbol {{angbr|'}} is used for the glottal stop (known as hämzä in Tatar).

Tatar writing is largely phonetic, meaning that the pronunciation of a word can usually be derived from its spelling. This rule excludes recent loanwords, such as summit and names.

In 2024, the modified Common Turkic Alphabet replaced letter ä with ə, which was already in use in Azerbaijani, as well as among Tatar activists using the Latin alphabet. This way of writing has been named as "Neo-alif" (Neo-əlif) by some Tatar activists. It disregards letter ä mainly due to its abundant occurrence in Tatar words compared to the other umlaut letters, creating an "undesired aesthetic outcome". (Compare: kübäläklär –> kübələklər; 'butterflies').{{Cite web |title=Neo-alif |url=https://bababashqort.notion.site/6f0934d818ba48c6946ee9ae146e5506?v=745906f4af76491baa759add4d30d093}}{{Cite web |last=Abuova |first=Nagima |date=23 September 2024 |title=Turkic States Revive Latin-Based Alphabet to Preserve Linguistic Heritage |url=https://astanatimes.com/2024/09/turkic-states-revive-latin-based-alphabet-to-preserve-linguistic-heritage/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206030812/https://astanatimes.com/2024/09/turkic-states-revive-latin-based-alphabet-to-preserve-linguistic-heritage/ |archive-date=6 December 2024 }}{{Cite web |title=tatargrammar |url=https://www.instagram.com/tatargrammar?igsh=MTVmNWRiZmt0cWQwNQ== |website=Instagram}}{{Cite web |title=learn_tatar |url=https://www.instagram.com/learn_tatar?igsh=MTd1dHlicjRndHAxag== |website=Instagram}}{{Cite web |title=bulat.shaymi |url=https://www.instagram.com/bulat.shaymi?igsh=aDV4YXhiMXFrMDQx |website=Instagram}}

"Tatarça Diktant", a global event organized in 2024, had recitations of Tatar poems that were translated into the Latin Neo-alif alphabet. The event was sponsored by official bodies such as the Ministry of Youth of Tatarstan and Kazan Federal University. Its purpose was "aimed at uniting lovers of the Tatar language, increasing interest in writing correctly and learning the literary Tatar language".{{Cite web |title=Амил Нур: «Татарча диктант»ны быел латин әлифбасында да тикшерәчәкбез Тулырак |url=https://tatar-inform.tatar/news/amil-nur-tatarca-diktantny-byel-latin-alifbasynda-da-tikseracakbez-5895719}}{{Cite web |title=Tatar Grammar – Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DB6Lc2VNt_f/?igsh=MXA0aXR3NnNsMmRiMg==}}

In Finland, while ä is found in Finnish, the Tatar community has traditionally tried to use only letters found in Turkish, and thus, have replaced it with e. This has left both the [e] and [ɯ] (ı) sounds as ı (keçkenä / keçkenə, kıçkıne; 'small'{{Efn|This mixes Tatar front and back vowels; if using e as [æ], a more correct spelling would be kiçkine, which then leaves letter i as the e-sound.}}). Nowadays however the spelling has had more influence from Tatarstan .Bedretdin, Kadriye (editor.): Tugan Tel – Kirjoituksia Suomen tataareista. Helsinki: Suomen Itämainen Seura, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-951-9380-78-0}}

{{main|İske imlâ alphabet|Yaña imlâ alphabet}}

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

• Tatar language

{{noteslist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite web|url=https://type.today/en/journal/tatar|title=Extended Cyrillic: Tatar|work=type.today|lang=en,ru|year=2023|author=Adelina Shaydullina|author2=Mikhail Strukov|translator=Dina Mingalieva}}
• {{cite book|chapter-url=https://suzlek.antat.ru/about/TAAT2019/8.pdf|author-link=:tt:Айнур Тимерханов|author=A.A. Timerkhanov|title=Tatar-English, English-Tatar dictionary|chapter=Tatar Cyrillic – Tatar Latin alphabet transliteration scheme accepted in the dictionary|url=https://suzlek.antat.ru/about/aboutTI19.html|year=2019|lang=en,tt}}
• {{cite book|url=https://ayew.ru/textbooks/|author=Aygul Ayupova|title=The Tatar Phonetics: The Tatar Language Pronunciation Course|year=2011|lang=en}}
• {{cite book|author-link=:tt:Алла Сальникова|author=Alla Sal'nikova|author2-link=:tt:Диләрә Галиуллина|author2=Dilärä Ğäliullina|title-link=:tt:Татар «Әлифба»сы: үткәне һәм бүгенгесе|title=Tatar "Älifba"sı: ütkäne häm bügengese|year=2016|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://tatarica.org/tat/razdely/narody/tatary/tatarskij-yazyk/alfavit|title=Alfavit|work=TATARICA|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://tatarica.org/tat/razdely/narody/tatary/tatarskij-yazyk/arabskoe-pismo|title=Ğäräp yazuwı|work=TATARICA|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://tatarica.org/tat/razdely/kultura/iskusstvo/izobrazitelnoe-iskusstvo-i-dpi/pocherki-arabskogo-pisma|title=Ğäräp yazuwı ürnäkläre|work=TATARICA|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://tatarica.org/index.php?cID=16224|title=Latin yazuwı|work=TATARICA|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://tatarica.org/index.php?cID=15920|title=Yañalif|work=TATARICA|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://tatarica.org/tat/razdely/narody/russkie/kirillica|title=Kirillitsa|work=TATARICA|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://tatarica.org/tat/razdely/obrazovanie/bukvar|title=Älifba|work=TATARICA|lang=tt,ru}}
• {{cite web|url=https://cdnstatic.rg.ru/uploads/attachments/73/99/43/pril.pdf|title=Zakon Respubliki Tatarstan: Ob ispol'zovanii tatarskogo yazyka kak gosudarstvennogo yazyka Respubliki Tatarstan|publisher=Gosudarstvennym Sovetom Respubliki Tatarstan|lang=ru}}
• {{cite web|url=http://dores-tatar.ru/|title=Döres: Tatar telendä punktuatsiya häm orfografiya kağidäläre|lang=tt|author=E.N. Denmöxämmätova}}

• {{cite web|url=http://omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm|title=Tatar language and alphabet|work=Omniglot|lang=en}}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.proel.org/mundo/tartaro.htm|title=Lengua tártara|work=Promotora Española de Lingüística|lang=es}}
• {{cite web|url=http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?mova=en&j=tt|title=Romanizer - Cyrillic to Latin|work=BaltoSlav Language Tools|lang=en}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tatar Alphabet}}

Category:Tatar language

Category:Latin alphabets

Category:Alphabets used by Turkic languages

Category:Cyrillic alphabets