Taybeh, Ramallah

"Taybeh" means "The goodly". According to a village tradition recorded by W. F. Albright, the place was formerly known as "Afrah".{{Cite journal |last=Albright |first=W. F. |date=1923 |title=The Ephraim of the Old and New Testaments |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00000665/00001/43x |journal=Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society |volume=III |pages=37}} In 1882, SWP suggested that Taybeh might have been ancient Ophrah of Benjamin, and prominent scholars have backed this identification since then.Beherec, M. A. (2023). City of Copper, Ruin of Copper: Rethinking Nelson Glueck’s Identifications of Ir Nahash and Ge Harashim. In “And in Length of Days Understanding”(Job 12: 12) Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy (pp. 1155-1179). Cham: Springer International Publishing. "Ophrah is identified with Taybeh, a village 12 kilometers northeast of Ramallah".

According to local tradition, Saladin met a delegation of its inhabitants during his wars against the Crusaders. Impressed by the hospitality of the locals, he renamed the village Taybeh, or "goodly" in Arabic.[http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=3558&pagetypeID=4&sitecode=HQ&pageno=4 CNEWA.org]. Accessed 1 November 2022. Another version of the story is that he was charmed by their goodness and the beauty of their faces, ordering the village to be renamed Tayyibat al-Isem ("beautiful of name") instead of what sounded like Afra ("full of dust").{{Cite web |url= http://taybeh.org/history.htm |title= A village called Taybeh |first= Hanna |last= Jaser |publisher= United Taybeh American Association |access-date= 30 September 2010 |archive-date= 24 March 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140324223448/http://taybeh.org/history.htm |url-status= dead }} Israeli archaeologist Hanan Eshel suggests that during the adoption of the Arabic language in the Palestine region, several locations originally called Ofrah underwent a name change to Taybeh in order to avoid mentioning Ifrit, a demon in Islamic mythology.{{Cite journal |last=Eshel |first=Hanan |date=1982 |title=לזיהויה של עפרה - עיר גדעון |trans-title=On the Identification of Ophrah - city of Gideon |url=https://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Article_22.2.pdf |journal=קָתֶדְרָה לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה [Cathedra] |language=Hebrew |page=3}}

Taybeh is identified with ancient Ophrah.{{Cite journal |last=Avi-Yonah |first=Michael |date=1976 |title=Gazetteer of Roman Palestine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43587090 |journal=Qedem |volume=5 |pages=29 |jstor=43587090 |issn=0333-5844}}[http://www.jpost.com/Travel/AroundIsrael/Article.aspx?id=286676 Palestinians raise a glass at West Bank Oktoberfest], Jerusalem Post. Accessed 1 November 2022. The town is mentioned in Josephus' The Jewish War during the time of the First Jewish–Roman War under the Greek appellation Ephraim ({{langx|el| Ἐφραὶμ}}),Josephus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D4%3Awhiston+chapter%3D9%3Awhiston+section%3D9 The Jewish War], perseus.tufts.edu. Accessed 1 November 2022. or Apharaema ({{langx|el|Αιφραίμ|links=no}}).

The town was cut off from Samaria and incorporated into Judaea in 145 BCE. It served as a toparchy's administrative center before Gophna took its position. Vespasian captured the town during his campaign in Judea in the First Jewish–Roman War, in the early summer of 69 CE, subsequently establishing a garrison there.{{Cite book |last=Rogers |first=Guy MacLean |title=For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE |date=2021 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24813-5 |location=New Haven |pages=293, 537}}

According to Conder and Kitchener, Taybeh was an important place during both Jewish and Crusader times. They noted a rock-cut tomb in the village with multiple kokhim, which they thought was originally Jewish but was later reused by Christians as evidenced by the double Latin cross relief cut above the entrance.

In the 5th century, a church, known today as St George's Church, was built in the east of the town.

Evidence shows the existence of a Christian community at Taybeh as far back as the ninth century.{{Cite book |last=Tramontana |first=Felicita |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc16s06 |title=Passages of Faith: Conversion in Palestinian villages (17th century) |date=2014 |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-10135-6 |edition=1 |pages=24 |chapter=Chapter I "Christians in Seventeenth-century Palestine" |doi=10.2307/j.ctvc16s06.6|jstor=j.ctvc16s06 }}

In the 12th century, another church was built by the Crusaders attached to the first one. The Crusaders fortified Taybeh by means of a castle named in English the Castle of St Elias. In February 1182, Joscelin III gave the castle to king Baldwin IV of Jerusalem along with some other properties in return for the lordship of Mi'ilya.Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n29/mode/1up 13]–14, no. 14; Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n168/mode/1up 162]–3, no. 614. Both cited in Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA339 339]Pringle, 1997, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA98 98]–99

In 1185, the king Baldwin V of Jerusalem granted the castle to his grandfather William V, Marquess of Montferrat.R.H.C. Occ, ii, 1859, pp. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51572g/f51.image.r=.langEN 14]–[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51572g/f52.image.r=.langEN 15], Ernoul (ed. de Mas Latrie), pp. [https://archive.org/stream/chroniquedernou00latrgoog#page/n182/mode/1up 125]–6, both cited in Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA339 339]

However, in 1187 Taybeh fell to Saladin in the wake of the Battle of Hattin.Pringle, 1998, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA339 339] Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani (1125–1201) described it as a Crusader fortress taken by Saladin,Finkelstein, 1997, p. 558 while Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229) described it, under the name of 'Afra, as "a fortress in the Filastin Province, near Jerusalem."Le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/385/mode/1up 385], cited in Finkelstein, 1997, p. 588

In 1596, the village was named Tayyibat al-Isem as it appeared in the Ottoman tax registers, located in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 63 Muslim households and 23 Christian families. The village paid taxes on wheat, barley, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 22,100 akçe. All of the revenue went to a Waqf.Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 116

Around 1810–1820, a large battle was fought in the village between rival factions of the Kais and the Yamani. Eventually the Yamani faction, led by the sheikh of Abu Ghosh, managed to regain Taybeh from the Kais faction.Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/371/mode/1up 371] When Edward Robinson visited in 1838, he found it to contain 75 taxable inhabitants, indicating a population of about 300–400 people.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n146/mode/1up 124] It was noted as a Greek Christian village in the District of Beni Salim, east of Jerusalem.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/125/mode/1up 125]

French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863, and described Thayebeh as having an estimated 800 villagers, 60 Catholics, and the rest Greek Orthodox.Guérin, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n58/mode/1up 45]–51; partly repeated in Guérin, 1874, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptionsam01gu#page/206/mode/2up 206–207] He further noted the remains a large building on the top of a hill. An Ottoman village list from circa 1870 showed Taybeh to be a Christian town with 87 houses and a population of 283, though the population count included only men.Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/161/mode/1up 161] noted that it was located in the Beni Salim DistrictHartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n923/mode/1up 115], noted 90 houses.

In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Taiyibeh as a "large Christian village in a conspicuous position, with well-built stone houses. A central tower stands on the top of the hill; on either side are olive and fig gardens in the low ground. The view is extensive on either side. A ruined church of St George exists near, and there are remains of a ruined castle in the village. The inhabitants are Greek Christians."Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/293/mode/1up 293]

Charles de Foucauld (1853–1916), an explorer and French hermit, passed through Taybeh in January 1889 and returned in 1898. Inspired by his visit, he wrote "Eight Days in Aphram, retreat of 1898, from Monday after IV Lent Sunday, (March 14) through Monday, after IV Lent Sunday (21 March)."

In 1896 the population of Et-taijibe was estimated to be about 672 persons.Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n229/mode/1up 122]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Taibeh had a population of 961: 954 Christians and 7 Muslims,Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Ramallah, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n19/mode/1up 17] where 663 were Orthodox, 249 Roman Catholic, 60 Greek Catholic (Melkite Catholic) and 2 were Anglican.Barron, 1923, Table XIV, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n47/mode/1up 45]

In 1927 a Greek Orthodox church was built on a Byzantine church, carefully incorporating architectural elements, like columns, lintels, capitals, two fonts, and a fragmentary mosaic pavement with a Greek inscription.Dauphin, 1998, p. 832

At the time of the 1931 census, Taybeh had a population of 1,125; 1,038 Christians and 87 Muslims living in 262 houses.Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 51]

The population had increased in 1945 to 1,330; 1,180 Christians and 150 Muslims,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg 26] while the total land area was 20,231 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-065.jpg 65] Of this 5,287 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 5,748 for cereals,Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-113.jpg 113] while 80 dunams were classified as built-up areas.Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-163.jpg 163]

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Taybeh came under Jordanian rule. The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,677 inhabitants in Taybeh, of whom 1,176 were Christian.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p24.pdf 24] It was further noted (note 2) that it was governed by a village council.Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, pp. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-pp115-116.pdf 115–116]

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Taybeh has been under Israeli occupation.File:Taybeh1.jpg

In 1986, the Charles de Foucauld Pilgrim Center funded by the French Lieutenancy of the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher opened in the village.{{Cite web |url= http://www.taybeh.info/en/pelerins.php#cdf |title= The Charles de Foucauld Pilgrim Center |publisher = Taybeh's Latin parish website |access-date= 2 October 2010 }}

After the 1995 accords, 35% of village land was classified as Area B, the remaining 65% as Area C.[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Et%20Taiyiba_en.pdf Et Taiyiba Town Profile (including Badiw al Mu'arrajat Locality)], ARIJ, p. 20 According to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated 393 dunam of land from Taybeh for the construction of the Israeli settlements of Rimmonim, and 22 dunams for Ofra.[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Et%20Taiyiba_en.pdf Et Taiyiba Town Profile (including Badiw al Mu’arrajat Locality)], ARIJ, p. 21

In September 2005, hundreds of Muslim men from Deir Jarir torched homes in Taybeh in response to an affair between a 30-year-old Muslim woman from Deir Jarir said to have been romantically involved with a Christian man from Taybeh.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4229136.stm A frightening family feud], bbc.co.uk. Accessed 1 November 2022.

Taybeh residents called the authorities to intervene, the Israelis arrived first but they watched and did not intervene. Palestinian policemen arriving from Ramallah were held at an Israeli checkpoint for three hours, and were only allowed to pass after constant calls from the U.S. consulate in Jerusalem.{{Cite web|url=http://www.saltfilms.net/updates/050921.html|title=What Happened in Taybeh?

|website=saltfilms.net|date=21 September 2005|access-date=2 June 2016}} Despite the incident, the neighboring towns continue to have healthy relations; residents say "the people of Taybeh and the people of Deir Jarir are one family".

On 19 April 2013, Israeli settlers attempted to take over Taybeh's monastery and its adjacent chapel.[http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=587307 Settlers raise Israeli flag over West Bank church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113012634/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=587307 |date=13 November 2014}}, Maan News Agency. 19 April 2013.

File:בירה טייבה.JPG

Taybeh is the home of Taybeh Brewery, one of the few breweries in Palestine.[http://www.taybehbeer.com/ Taybeh Brewing Company] Since 2005, an Oktoberfest celebration is held in Taybeh, aiming at promoting local Palestinian products and attracting tourism. The celebration offers beer competitions, cultural, traditional and musical performances and other attractions.{{Cite web |url= http://english.pnn.ps/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3168 |title= Taybeh Oktoberfest Boosts Economy |first= Maria C. |last= Khoury |date= 18 July 2008 |publisher=Palestine News Network }}

From 500 liters of beer in 1995, the company produced 600,000 liters in 2011, mainly sold in the West Bank and Israel. Before the Second Intifada, the beer was sold to upscale bars in Israel. According to David Khoury, the brewery sells 6 million liters a year, and exports its products to Japan.

In November 2014, Nadim Khoury, the co-founder of Taybeh Brewing Company has also opened a line of Taybeh wines marketed under the brand name "Nadim" (Arabic for "drinking companion") for a variety of wines, such as Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

File:2010-08 Taybeh 22.jpg

The Orthodox Patriarchal School serves over 270 students, and the Roman Catholic (Latin) School serves over 400.{{Cite web |url= http://taybeh.org/church.htm |title= Taybeh's Schools |publisher= United Taybeh American Association |access-date= 30 September 2010 |archive-date= 25 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110725181429/http://taybeh.org/church.htm |url-status= dead }}

The different Christian denominations worship together on Easter and Christmas. The Latin parish runs a school, a medical center, a hostel for pilgrims and youth programs.[http://www.overcomingviolence.org/en/news-and-events/news/dov-news-english/article/6661/palestinian-christians-wa.html Palestinian Christians want a Peace Lamp in every church], overcomingviolence.org. Accessed 1 November 2022.

Construction of a new kindergarten and additional classrooms for Al-Taybeh Greek Orthodox School was completed in 2012 with USAID funding of $750,000. The school, built 130 years ago, is the largest in Taybeh. It is attended by 430 students from Taybeh and villages in the vicinity.{{Cite web |url=http://transition.usaid.gov/wbg/2012PR/pr_0403a.html |title=USAID funding of $750,000 |access-date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008095206/http://transition.usaid.gov/wbg/2012PR/pr_0403a.html |url-status=dead }}

File:2010-08 Taybeh 20.jpg

The Al-Khidr Church, or St George's Church, is located east of the centre of Taybeh, and was constructed during two periods, first in the Byzantine era, and then during the Crusader era.Guérin, 1869, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr06gugoog#page/n59/mode/1up 46]Conder and Kitchener, SWP II, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/324/mode/1up 324]–326Pringle, 1998, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA340 340]–344

The remains of a Crusader castle, named Castle of St. Elias or Castrum Sancti Helie in Latin, can still be seen.Ellenblum, 2007, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oiYgyRyL97oC&pg=PA173 173]

The former mayor of Taybeh is David Khoury, co-owner of the local brewery established by his brother.

Taybeh is a Christian village, with the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Melkite Eastern Catholic faiths represented.[http://www.taybeh.info/en/index.php Taybeh Parish website],

taybeh.info. Accessed 1 November 2022.

In 2008, Taybeh had a low birthrate and residents feared that the population would entirely disappear.Gee, Robert W. [http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2008_4680210 WEST BANK GHOST TOWN / Arab Christians attempting to revive Holy Land village / Leaders work to attract more tourists, residents], Cox News Service at Houston Chronicle. 21 December 2008. Retrieved 22 April 2009. According to the mayor, the population in 2010 was 2,300, with 12,000 former residents and their descendants living in the U.S., Chile, and Guatemala.[http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/twilight-zone-taybeh-revisited-1.303603 Taybeh revisited], Haaretz. Accessed 1 November 2022.

{{reflist|25em}}

{{refbegin}}

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• {{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: L–Z (excluding Tyre) |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC| last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-39037-0}}
• {{cite book|title=RHC Occ: Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens Occidentaux |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k51572g.r=.langEN |volume=2|year=1859|publisher=Imprimerie nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
• {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=2}}
• {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=3}}
• {{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII–MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=la}}
• {{cite journal |last= Schick |first=C.|author-link= Conrad Schick |title= Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem |journal= Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins |volume= 19 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut/page/120 120]–127 |url=https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut |year= 1896}}
• {{cite journal

|last=Socin |first=A. |author-link= Albert Socin

|title=Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem

|journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins

|volume=2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut/page/135 135]–163

|url= https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut

|year=1879}}

• {{cite book

|editor-last=Strehlke | editor-first = E.| editor-link = Ernst Strehlke

|title=Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum|url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog|year=1869|publisher=Weidmanns |location=Berlin}}

{{refend}}

• [http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/al_Tayyiba_1106/index.html Welcome To al-Tayyiba]
• [https://www.welcometopalestine.com/destinations/ramallah-al-bireh/taybeh/ Taybeh], Welcome to Palestine
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8376 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg Wikimedia commons]
• [http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/factsheet/Et%20Taiyiba%20_vp_eng.pdf Et Taiyiba Town (Including Badiw al Mu’arrajat Locality) (Fact Sheet)], Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
• [http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Et%20Taiyiba_en.pdf Et Taiyiba Town Profile (including Badiw al Mu’arrajat Locality)], ARIJ
• [http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/images/english/At%20Tayba_ap_en.jpg Aerial photo], ARIJ

{{Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate}}

{{Crusader sites}}

Category:Villages in the West Bank

Category:Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate

Category:Palestinian Christian communities