Tekoi

The Tekoi rocket testing facility was constructed in 1976 for machining, testing and calibration of solid rocket booster motors by Hercules Aerospace's Utah Aerospace Division; Hercules developed double-base propellants. By 1990, Hercules used 35 acres of their 3500 acre lease held through the Bureau of Indian Affairs and employed 17 people on site. Hercules employed approximately 3000 people 75 miles away at their Baccus Works in Magna, Utah for solid fuel motor construction in 1990; by 1992, as the MGM-134 Midgetman contracts closed, the employment was reduced to about 1000. Hercules designed the Nike Ajax M5E1 steel-tubed solid fuel motor, used as the Nike Hercules XM-42 (first stage) package, which contained four of the M5E1 motors; approximately 25,000 Nike Hercules were produced. Hercules also designed the Orion rocket motors,{{Cite web |date=18 March 1994 |title=HERCULES 3-STAGE ORION MOTOR HAS KEY ROLE IN LAUNCH OF THE 4-STAGE TAURUS EXPENDABLE SATELLITE CARRIER |url=https://www.deseret.com/1994/3/18/19097747/hercules-3-stage-orion-motor-has-key-role-in-launch-of-the-4-stage-taurus-expendable-satellite-carri |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Deseret News |quote=The four-stage Taurus expendable launch vehicle uses three Orion solid rocket motors manufactured at the Hercules Bacchus facility in Magna. Orion motors originally were developed in a joint venture between Hercules and Orbital Sciences Corp., Dallas}} the MK12 (used for the RIM-67A) and MK70 (RIM-67C), and the MK11 Talos.{{Cite web |date=July 2015 |title=NASA Sounding Rockets User Handbook |url=https://sites.wff.nasa.gov/code810/files/SRHB.pdf |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=sites.wff.nasa.gov}}{{Cite web |last=Jenner |first=Lynn |date=2015-03-06 |title=Sounding Rockets Overview |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sounding-rockets/missions/index.html |access-date=2019-12-08 |website=NASA}}{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=DECLARATION OF BRUCE BRUNSDON |url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ml0037/ML003728769.pdf |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=nrc.gov}}{{Cite web |date=2 March 1992 |title=Hercules To Lay Off 400 Due To SICBM Cuts |url=https://apnews.com/efa7ea36b0c4e5be2104c1f5ef119bf4 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=AP NEWS}}

Hercules designed the Pershing II missile first and second-stage motors, then tested them at Tekoi in 1980. The engines used HTPB in the fuel casting, EPDM insulation, and Kevlar casings to save weight.{{Cite web |date=August 1980 |title=Pershing II Motors Successfully Fired |url=https://erg.jhu.edu/cpiacsearch/downloadfile/?file_id=43661 |access-date=28 July 2020 |publisher=Chemical Propulsion Information Agency bulletin |volume=6 |issue=5}}

In 1986, Hercules designed and tested the second and third-stage solid fuel motors for the MGM-134 Midgetman at the site.{{Cite web |date=April 1986 |title=Small ICBM Tests For Motors Nearing Completion |url=https://docs.google.com/gview?url=http://erg.jhu.edu/cpiacsearch/downloadfile/?file_id=43695 |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Chemical Propulsion Information Agency bulletin |page=5 |volume=12 |issue=3}} The motors used a graphite filament-wound case to reduce weight and NEPE fuel composition that was previously tested and flown on the Peacekeeper's SR120 second stage.

Tekoi was a listed SLBM inspectable site for the START nuclear arms-reduction treaty with Russia, covering the Trident II SLBM (Submarine launched ballistic missile).{{Cite web |date=1 July 1998 |title=ANNEX B. SLBMS AND SLBM LAUNCHERS |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/arms/starthtm/mou/us/annexb.html |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=1997-2001.state.gov}}{{Cite web |title=START I Treaty analysis |url=https://www.acq.osd.mil/tc/start1/START1-AAA-mou.htm |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=acq.osd.mil}}{{Cite web |date=1 July 2009 |title=START Aggregate Memorandum of Understanding Exchange |url=https://fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/armscontrol/MOU-Jul2009ex.pdf |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=fas.org}}{{Cite web |title=START Inspectable Sites in the US |url=https://fas.org/nuke/control/start1/news/stus97.html |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=fas.org}}{{Cite web |date=22 February 1995 |title=RUSSIANS TO CHECK OUT N-SITES, INCLUDING UTAH |url=https://www.deseret.com/1995/2/22/19160628/russians-to-check-out-n-sites-including-utah |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=Deseret News}}

Hercules Aerospace was purchased by Alliant Techsystems in 1995; Alliant tested the Delta III motor at Tekoi in the late 1990s.{{Cite web |last=Joe Bauman |date=22 October 1997 |title=Test-firing of rocket motor launches new era of space vehicles |url=https://www.deseret.com/1997/10/22/19341174/test-firing-of-rocket-motor-launches-new-era-of-space-vehicles |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=Deseret News}} In 2001, Alliant purchased Thiokol and transferred remaining testing to their Promontory, Utah facility; Alliant became Orbital ATK in 2015, which became Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems in 2018, which became the Northrop Grumman Space Systems Group in 2020. Solid rocket boosters are still tested and calibrated at Promontory.

The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty), active from 1987 to 2019, required the US to destroy the Pershing IA and II missiles. This was planned to occur at Tekoi by "static burning" the solid fuel motors, leading to objections by environmental groups in Utah. The destruction took place at Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant in Texas instead.{{Cite web |date=4 June 1988 |title=LAWSUIT THREATENED OVER PERSHING BURNS<BR> 5 UTAH GROUPS SAY ARMY'S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONCLUSIONS ARE 'FLAWED' |url=https://www.deseret.com/platform/amp/1988/6/4/18767757/lawsuit-threatened-over-pershing-burns-br-5-utah-groups-say-army-s-environmental-impact-conclusions |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=deseret.com}}{{Cite web |date=14 June 1988 |title=Federal Register |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HA9FG2EZ1yYC&dq=%22inf+treaty%22+%22tekoi%22&pg=PA22207 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=Google Books |page=22207 |volume=53 |issue=114}}{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Thomas M. |date=February 1988 |title=Environmental Assessment for the Proposed Elimination of Intermediate Range... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAGsdYeaVRsC |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=US Army}}

Hercules employed several Goshute tribal members as of the mid-1990s, and revenue from the Tekoi lease was about 90% of the tribe's income. Around 1995, approximately 30 members were living on the reservation and 119 enrolled in the tribe. The lease was not renewed in 1995 and the on-reservation tribal population dropped sharply by 1999; no money came from the lease, no tribal members worked there, and only about 15 members lived on the reservation. Tribe members accused their chairman of trying to raise the lease price by a multiple of 4 or 5, which caused the lease to not be renewed.{{Cite web |date=17 May 2001 |title=PFS ASLBP 97-732-02 |url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0114/ML011430125.pdf |access-date=3 August 2020 |website=nrc.gov}}{{Cite web |last=Jesse T. Weiss |date=May 2004 |title=The Skull Valley Goshute and Nuclear Waste: Rhetorical Analysis of Claims-Making of Opponents and Proponents |url=https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2991&context=etd |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=digitalcommons.usu.edu}}

The land has been given back to the Skull Valley Indian Reservation. The Utah Film Commission advertises Tekoi as a film location, stating "visitors can expect dilapidated bunkers, military watchtowers, sprawling barren landscapes, and razor wire fencing along the perimeter - all with a post-apocalyptic feel." The area is private property. Youtuber CGP Grey has documented a public video where he explores the Tekoi site.{{Cite web |title=Utah Film Commission Newsletter - August 2018 |url=https://film.utah.gov/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzIyLCIwNDE5ZjY5NjM0ZTkiLDE0NiwiODE5YmM1IiwxNiwwXQ |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=film.utah.gov}}

Deseret UAS had a lease to test on the site in 2019, testing and demonstrating hazmat response drones.{{Cite web |last=Steve Howe |date=27 June 2019 |title=Deseret UAS breaks in new test site with a hazmat workshop |url=http://tooeleonline.com/deseret-uas-breaks-in-new-test-site-with-a-hazmat-workshop/ |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=Tooele Transcript Bulletin |quote=deseretuas.org.}}{{Cite web |title=Events > HazMat & Drones Workshop with Utah Fire Marshals |url=http://www.deseretuas.org/Events/HazMat-Drones-Workshop-with-Utah-Fire-Marshals |access-date=5 August 2020 |website=deseretuas.org}}{{efn|See also XTI TriFan 600.}}

The Goshute tribe had planned on allowing the Private Fuel Storage consortium to store 44,000 tons of high-level nuclear waste from over 100 nuclear reactors on the site in above-ground storage. The license from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, submitted in 1997, was approved in 2006. The tribe had received widespread opposition to the efforts, which were finally canceled in 2012.{{Cite web |last=Judy Fahys |date=21 December 2012 |title=Utah N-waste site backers call it quits |url=https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=55513674&itype=cmsid |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}

A 1999 report from Private Fuel Storage calculated the impact of an explosion from the largest solid-fuel rocket motor capable of being tested at Tekoi, being "1.2 million pounds of Class 1.1 explosive". It would create a 1 psi overpressure to 4782 feet and a 0.5 psi overpressure to 7970 feet. PFS also evaluated the risk of a rocket motor escaping the test stand, which was considered improbable given the design of the facility.{{Cite web |date=July 1999 |title=Nuclear Regulatory Commission Issuances - Google Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm35ghREBGIC&dq=%22tekoi%22&pg=PA185 |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=google.com |pages=184–186}}

In 2003, while the nuclear storage was still under consideration, the Goshutes began a balefill trash site (landfill). It was operated by CR Group, which was a cooperation of Ace Disposal and Metro Waste. It was in full operation by 2005.{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Intermountain Regional Landfill: Class V Landfill Permit Application |url=https://documents.deq.utah.gov/waste-management-and-radiation-control/facilities/roc/DSHW-2011-002487.pdf |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=documents.deq.utah.gov}}{{Cite web |last=Deborah Bulkeley |date=30 July 2004 |title=Landfill project OK'd for Goshutes |url=https://www.deseret.com/2004/7/30/19842792/landfill-project-ok-d-for-goshutes |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=Deseret News}}{{Cite web |last=Donna Kemp Spangler |date=19 February 2004 |title=Latest Skull Valley venture: trash dump |url=https://www.deseret.com/2004/2/19/19813095/latest-skull-valley-venture-trash-dump |access-date=28 July 2020 |website=Deseret News}}{{Cite web |title=Utah Solid Waste Plan Update Through 2006 |url=https://documents.deq.utah.gov/waste-management-and-radiation-control/solid-waste/DSHW-2019-002196.pdf |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=documents.deq.utah.gov}}{{Cite web |title=Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the Proposed Skull Valley Goshute Tekoi Balefield Landfill Project, Tooele County, UT |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2003/10/07/03-25320/notice-of-intent-to-prepare-an-environmental-impact-statement-for-the-proposed-skull-valley-goshute |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Federal Register}}

Waste Management of Utah purchased the site from Metro Waste in 2008. Waste Management disclosed an EPA violation of a missing initial capacity report and permit application in March 2008; no penalty was assessed, given the circumstances.{{Cite web |date=17 November 2009 |title=EPA vs Waste Management of Utah, Docket number CAA-08-2010-0003 |url=https://yosemite.epa.gov/OA/RHC/EPAAdmin.nsf/Filings/E192DED610669944852576720020F816/$File/CAA0820100003NOD.pdf |access-date=2 August 2020 |website=yosemite.epa.gov}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.clui.org/ludb/site/tekoi-test-range TEKOI Test Range] at the Center for Land Use Interpretation
• {{YouTube|id=ABMV4wXx6Xo|title=Abandoned Nuclear Weapon Facility Exploration}} from CGP Grey, including the only public footage of Tekoi in action.
• [http://learekow.blogspot.com/2010/09/road-to-skull-valley.html "The Road to Skull Valley"], blog entry

Category:Great Salt Lake Desert

Category:Buildings and structures in Box Elder County, Utah

Category:Buildings and structures in Tooele County, Utah

Category:Ranges of the United States Air Force

Category:Formerly Used Defense Sites in Utah

Category:Rocket launch sites in the United States

Category:Goshute

Category:Hercules Inc.