Telecommunications in Guyana

Telecommunications in Guyana include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Early telecommunications were owned by large foreign firms until the industry was nationalized in the 1970s. Government stifled criticism with a tight control of the media, and the infrastructure lagged behind other countries, Guyana Telephone and Telegraph Company (GT&T) holding a monopoly on most such services.{{Cite web|date=2018-01-23|title=Order signed for setting up of telecoms agency|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2018/01/23/news/guyana/order-signed-for-setting-up-of-telecoms-agency/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}} In a 2012 census report on Guyanese households, 55.5% had a radio, 82.7% had a television, 27.8% had a personal computer, and 16.2% had internet at home, 49.3% had a telephone landline, and 70.6% had a cellular phone.{{Cite web|date=October 2019|title=Compendium 5 - Housing Stocks and Amenities|url=https://statisticsguyana.gov.gy/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Final_2012_Census_Compendium5.pdf|access-date=2021-03-21|website=censusguyana.gov.gy}}

In the 1990s, a shift towards privatization was geared towards improving the overall quality of services in the country. The 2016 Telecommunications Act was made to improve quality and lower prices for consumers as well as establish universal access.{{Cite web|date=2018-01-23|title=Order signed for setting up of telecoms agency|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2018/01/23/news/guyana/order-signed-for-setting-up-of-telecoms-agency/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}}

Infrastructure

Guyana has various communications cables for international connections. The Suriname-Guyana Submarine Cable System (SGSCS) linking Trinidad, Guyana, and Suriname[http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2010/01/10/us60-million-submarine-fibre-optic-cable-lands-in-guyana/ "US$60 million submarine fibre-optic cable lands in Guyana"], Kaieteur News, 10 January 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2014. and the Americas II fiber optic submarine communications cable linking the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Martinique, Curaçao, Trinidad, Venezuela, French Guiana, and Brazil with terrestrial extensions to Suriname and Guyana.[http://mail.gtt.co.gy/techupgd.html "Upgrades: Americas II"], Guyana Telephone and Telegraph Company Limited (GT&T). Retrieved 3 January 2014. The X-Link Submarine Cable was installed in 2019 and owned by E-Networks Inc., links Guyana to Barbados.{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=E-Networks lands fibre optic cable|url=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2020/01/30/e-networks-lands-fibre-optic-cable/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Kaieteur News|language=en-US}} An overland Brazil to Guyana Fibre Optic Cable that was built in 2011 has been abandoned due to extensive damage.{{Cite web|date=2015-07-04|title=Brazil to Guyana Fibre Optic Cable too expensive to fix –Alexei Ramotar|url=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2015/07/04/brazil-to-guyana-fibre-optic-cable-too-expensive-to-fix-alexei-ramotar/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Kaieteur News|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|author= |date=2014-12-10|title=Brazil/Guyana fibre optic cable project collapses|url=https://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2014/12/10/brazilguyana-fibre-cable-project-collapses/|access-date=2024-10-07|website=Kaieteur News|language=en-US}}

Radio

{{See also|Radio in Guyana}}Radio history in Guyana started in the early 20th century, owing its early development to the country's interest in cricket. It was largely established by foreign media companies until a wave of nationalization mid-century. Currently there are stations aired that are privately owned, but the country has received much criticism for having tight government controls.

Television

Broadcast stations: government-dominated; the National Communications Network (NCN) TV is state-owned; a few private TV stations relay satellite services (2007).[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/ "Guyana Communications"], World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 4 December 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Censorship: No government-imposed restrictions on television stations or suspensions of broadcasts in 2012. The government largely directs advertising to media houses aligned with the governing party. The government continues to exert heavy control over the content of the National Communications Network (TV), giving government spokespersons extended coverage, while limiting participation of opposition figures.

The first television station in Guyana was established in 1988, using a transmitter obtained from Canada. Many households already could watch TV programs from the US, through "pirate re-transmitting stations" and the use of receiving dishes. Guyana was the first English-speaking Caribbean country to install a USIA TVRO, which sent broadcast signals from Washington D.C.{{Cite book|last1=Surlin|first1=Stuart H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jzyf1kaLihkC&dq=Guyana&pg=PA80|title=Mass Media and the Caribbean|last2=Soderlund|first2=Walter C.|date=1990|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-2-88124-447-6|language=en}} In the 70s and 80s, information dissemination continued to favor the North due to infrastructures established in the colonial period. The MacBride report in 1980 was an attempt to discuss the imbalance between advantaged countries such as the US and the UK, and developing states like Guyana, that don't have the capacity for controlling information flow between their borders.{{Citation|last=Karim|first=Karim H.|date=June 1998|title=From Ethnic Media to Global Media: Transnational Communication Networks Among Diasporic Communities|url=http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/karim.pdf|publisher=International Comparative Research Group Strategic Research and Analysis Canadian Heritage}}

Broadcasting is regulated by the Guyana National Broadcasting Authority (GNBA),{{Cite web|last=Chabrol|first=Denis|date=2019-04-19|title=Several TV, radio stations broadcasting illegally – GNBA|url=https://demerarawaves.com/2019/04/18/several-tv-radio-stations-broadcasting-illegally-gnba/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana|language=en-US}} a body established by the Broadcasting Act of 2011.{{Cite web|last=IPI-Admin|date=2017-08-08|title=Guyana broadcast bill said to threaten press freedom|url=https://ipi.media/guyana-broadcast-bill-said-to-threaten-press-freedom/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=International Press Institute|language=en-US}} The Broadcast (Amendment) Bill 2017 was made to guarantee a certain amount of broadcast hours to government public service announcements, however this was seen as a threat to free speech, since such PSAs were typically serving the political party in power, rather than the public.{{Cite web|title=Broadcast Bill passed|url=https://guyanachronicle.com/2017/08/05/broadcast-bill-passed/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Guyana Chronicle|language=en-US}}{{Cite web|last=IPI-Admin|date=2017-08-08|title=Guyana broadcast bill said to threaten press freedom|url=https://ipi.media/guyana-broadcast-bill-said-to-threaten-press-freedom/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=International Press Institute|language=en-US}}

= Broadcasting Companies =

== Television<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Chabrol|first=Denis|date=2019-04-19|title=Several TV, radio stations broadcasting illegally – GNBA|url=https://demerarawaves.com/2019/04/18/several-tv-radio-stations-broadcasting-illegally-gnba/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana|language=en-US}}</ref> ==

GWTV (formerly Safe TV)
CNS6
WRHM
HBTV
Guyana Learning Channel Trust
NCN Television (NCN Guyana)
Rambarran Broadcasting Systems (RBS)
Multi Technology Vision (MTV)
HGPTV
National Television Network
Hits and Jams Television (HJTV)
First Light Television
Television Guyana
Good News TV
21st Century TV/MBC
Skar Communications/ENet
Dave's Televisison Station (DTV8)
KTV
Little Rock Television (LRTVS)
Countryside Broadcasting Inc. (CTV19)
Tarzie's Transmission Service (TTS)
Pinnacle Communications (RCA TV 8)
Premium Communication Services (PCN15)

== Cable<ref name=":0" /> ==

Premium Communications Inc.
E-Networks Inc.
Infinity Telecommunications Inc.
Go-Tech Inc.
Movie Star Inc.
Northwest Television Inc.

Telephone

{{See also |Telephone numbers in Guyana}}Guyana has reliable international long distance service. 100% digital network; national transmission supported by fiber optic cable and rural network by microwaves; more than 150,000 lines; many areas still lack fixed-line telephone services; 2019 budget allocates funds for information and communications technology development; broadband subscribers remains small and end-users incur expense to use.{{Cite web|title=South America :: Guyana — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guyana/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.cia.gov}}

In 2016, Parliament ended the telephone monopoly of Guyana Telephone and Telegraph.{{Cite web|last=Chabrol|first=Denis|date=2020-01-29|title=Digicel blames gov't for "dark ages" telecoms sector, as GTT celebrates 29 years|url=https://demerarawaves.com/2020/01/28/digicel-blames-govt-for-dark-ages-telecoms-sector-as-gtt-celebrates-29-years/|access-date=2021-01-03|website=Demerara Waves Online News- Guyana|language=en-US}}

Calling code: +592
International call prefix: 001[http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/opb/sp/T-SP-E.164C-2011-PDF-E.pdf Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010))], Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Main lines: Over 150,000 lines in use, 131st in the world; fixed-line teledensity is about 18 per 100 persons (2019).
Mobile cellular: 617,998 subscriptions, 169th in the world; mobile-cellular teledensity is about 83 per 100 persons (2019).
International:
Tropospheric scatter to Trinidad (2011).
Satellite earth station: One Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019).

Internet

Top-level domain: .gy
Internet users: 276,498 168th in the world; 37.33% of the population (2018)
Fixed broadband: 64,889 subscribers, 129th in the world (2017)
Wireless broadband: unknown (2012).[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ICTEYE/Reporting/DynamicReportWizard.aspx "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012"], Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
Internet hosts: 24,936, 112th in the world (2012).
IPv4: 38,912 allocated addresses, less than 0.05% of world total; 52.5 per 1000 people (2012).[http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ Select Formats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513033601/http://www.countryipblocks.net/country-blocks/select-formats/ |date=2009-05-13 }}, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070613003851/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html Population], The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.

The three major ISPs in Guyana were GTT, Digicel and E-Networks. In 2021, the government made licensing exemptions for small ISPs, to encourage private-sector telecommunications development.{{Cite web|date=2021-02-21|title=Around 50 small internet providers to be exempted from licensing requirements - PM|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2021/02/21/news/guyana/around-50-small-internet-providers-to-be-exempted-from-licensing-requirements-pm/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Stabroek News|language=en-US}}

With regard to internet censorship and surveillance, there are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors e-mail or Internet chat rooms without judicial oversight.[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204456 "Guyana"], Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 20 March 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014.

References

External links

[https://www.enetworks.gy/ E-Networks] Company website
[http://gnba.gov.gy/ Guyana National Broadcasting Authority website]
[http://www.gtt.co.gy Guyana Telephone and Telegraph Company Limited] Company website
[http://www.registry.gy/ Guyana Top Level Domain] at the Center for Information Technology, University of Guyana manages the .gy, .co.gy, .org.gy, .net.gy, .edu.gy, and .gov.gy domains.
[https://www.submarinecablemap.com/country/guyana Guyana], SubmarineCableMap.com

Guyana