Television in Bolivia

Following the 1966 Bolivian general election, plans were already underway for a national television service owned by the government. Up until then, Bolivia was served by a small number of closed-circuit experimental systems. Provisions were made for the government to provide a one-year monopoly to the first TV station in Bolivia, scheduled to start before the end of 1966. The state had already reserved three frequencies, channel 5 in La Paz, channel 4 in Cochabamba and channel 3 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra. After the prospective first year period ended, the state would allow the creation of private television stations.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-TV-Radio-Age/60s/66/TVA-1966-07-04.pdf |title=Television Age |date=4 July 1966 |accessdate=29 February 2024 }}

Given the rumors of the closure of Congress and the desire of the government of that time to have power over the country to become a dictator,{{Cite web|url=https://www.la-razon.com/voces/2019/09/08/50-anos-de-television-en-bolivia/|title=50 años de televisión en Bolivia|access-date=10 September 2023|author=La Razón|date=8 September 2019}} President René Barrientos Ortuño signs the Supreme Decree 08395, on June 19, 1968, with which he founded the Bolivian Radio and Television Company (RTB), and later, with Supreme Decree 8571 (November 20, 1968) decides to change the name to Empresa Nacional de Televisión Boliviana (or by its acronym, ENTBOL).{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexivox.org/norms/BO-DS-8603.html|title=Bolivia: Decreto Supremo Nº 8603, 7 de enero de 1969|access-date=10 September 2023|website=www.lexivox.org}}

Due to the death of Barrientos (caused by a helicopter accident in Arque), his vice president, Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas, assumes the presidency, and therefore, continues Barrientos' project before passing away. At that time, a contract was signed with the Spanish company, INELEC, in order to advise and contribute to the installation of the State Television Channel. Many of the members of the technical team were members of the Spanish company, as well as the Bolivian Air Force, in addition to several equipment parts being brought from Spain.{{Cite web|url=https://www.museovirtualbo.com/producto/1964-rene-barrientos-ortuno/|title=1964 – RENÉ BARRIENTOS ORTUÑO|access-date=10 September 2023|language=es}}

After several test broadcasts, on August 30, 1969, the first television broadcast took place in Bolivian territory, with the creation of Televisión Boliviana based in La Paz and broadcasting in black and white.{{Cite web|author=Bolivia TV/Ministerio de Comunicación|title=Nuestra Historia|url=http://www.boliviatv.bo/sitio/nuestra-historia/|date=2013|access-date=18 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717104918/http://www.boliviatv.bo/sitio/nuestra-historia/|archive-date=17 July 2017}}{{Cite web|author=Elbio Ríos-El Diario|title=Historia de la TV en Bolivia |url=http://www.eldiario.net/noticias/2017/2017_07/nt170714/opinion.php?n=11&-historia-de-la-tv-en-bolivia |date=14 July 2017}} The monopoly was broken in 1973, when a television station was granted to the Higher University of San Andrés - Sistema Integrado de Televisión Universitaria.

Starting in 1976, more television channels were installed. In 1979 in Bolivia there were already 9 channels, 8 university television channels with regional coverage and one (channel 7) with national coverage. By decree of February 20, 1976, Bolivia adopted the PAL standard for color broadcasts, which, however, presented difficulties for existing equipment, and due to this, on August 1, 1978, it was established that Televisión Boliviana changed its color transmissions using the NTSC system.{{cite web |url=https://www.derechoteca.com/gacetabolivia/decreto-supremo-16940-del-01-agosto-1979/ |title=Bolivia DECRETO SUPREMO No 16940 del 01 de Agosto de 1979. A partir de la fecha para la Televisión a color en Bolivia, se adopta la Norma M y el Sistema NTSC del CCIR, con las características que se detallan |work=Derechoteca |date=15 August 1979 |access-date=26 July 2021 }} In April 1984, private channels began to appear and soon reached 35, in urban areas 18 and 17 had provincial coverage (10 private channels in La Paz and 25 channels in the rest of the country).

A microwave link connecting four cities (La Paz, Oruro, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz) known as the Red Troncal de Microondas (Microwave Trunk Network, "Trunk" as in the term "trunk axis" that connects these cities) was set up in 1977. There was intervention from the university stations, with the same law creating an umbrella network for these stations and creating one for Tarija.Mejia Noe, A. F. & Arambarri, J. (2019). Guía metodológica para la implementación de televisión digital en Bolivia. Project, Design and Management, 1(2), 89-110. doi: 10.35992/pdm.v1i2.343

Development of private television lagged significantly. The first private television station to be registered, Telesistema Boliviano in La Paz, was founded on November 22, 1983,{{cite web |title=Chronik Boliviens: 25. Von 1978 bis zur Nueva Política Económica (1985)|url=http://www.payer.de/bolivien2/bolivien0225.htm |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=payer.de|date=19 September 2002 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021021132656/http://www.payer.de/bolivien2/bolivien0225.htm |archive-date=21 October 2002}} launching in 1985.{{cite web |title="NORMATIVA LEGAL DE DIFUSIÓN DE LOS PROGRAMAS ENLATADOS DE MEDIOS DE COMUNICACIÓN Y SU IMPACTO SOBRE EL COMPORTAMIENTO DE LA POBLACIÓN INFANTIL EN BOLIVIA"|url=https://repositorio.umsa.bo/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/13822/TD-3864.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=International Media Support |date=2011 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240205115340/https://repositorio.umsa.bo/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/13822/TD-3864.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=5 February 2024}} The first commercial television station to launch, Red ATB, opened on October 20, 1984, ending the government's monopoly on television. Both ATB (Paceña de Televisión), led by Raúl Garafulic and TSB, led by Carlos Cardona, were among the first such stations to do so.{{cite web |title=30 años de democracia en Bolivia - Repaso multidisciplinario a un proceso apasionante (1982-2012)|url=https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bolivien/09460.pdf |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung |date=October 2012 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130329182355/https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/bolivien/09460.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2013}}

At the time, shortly after the restoration of democracy in Bolivia, some private channels lacked regulation, opening illegally, and relied heavily on piracy to survive, such as Tele-Sat, channel 5 in La Paz, founded in April 1984. At the same time, the appearance of channel 13 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra (the current Red Uno de Bolivia) did the same.{{cite web |title=Televisão na Bolívia: estratégias de sobrevivência e de competitividade |url=http://intercom.org.br/papers/nacionais/2008/resumos/R3-1790-1.pdf |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=Intercom |date=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301003127/http://intercom.org.br/papers/nacionais/2008/resumos/R3-1790-1.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2022}} This led to the signing of Decree 21.060, aiming to liberalize the market and give commercial channels a license. In 1986, the government had received seven bids for private television stations in La Paz, of which only five could be legalized as both the state and the university already had their channels.Presencia, 31 July 1986 By the end of the 1980s, La Paz alone had seven television channels, five of which were private, and foreign programming dominated in their programming.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Bolivia: a country study|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90026427/|last=Gamarra|first=Eduardo A.|date=1991|editor-last=Hudson|editor-first=Rex A.|pages=205–207|isbn=|postscript=. {{PD-notice}}|editor2-last=Hanratty|editor2-first=Dennis Michael|accessdate=|entry=The Media}}

A new phase began in the 1990s, with the emergence of new media outlets. This led to the domination of at least four commercial television networks, where the bulk of their programming was imported from abroad.

SITEL, the current ATT, held a symposium in 2007 regarding the possibility of introducing digital terrestrial television to Bolivia, "Hacia la TV Digital Terrestre".

In 2009, the government announced a phased roll-out of digital terrestrial television starting in 2012, with a prospective shutdown date of the analog signals scheduled for 2019. The initial plan was to select which system to adopt, granting a US$30 plan to install converter boxes.{{Cite web|author=EJU.TV|title=Bolivia alista el salto a la Tv digital, que reemplazará desde 2012 a la analógica|url=https://eju.tv/2009/07/bolivia-alista-el-salto-a-la-tv-digital-que-reemplazar-desde-2012-a-la-analgica/|date=8 April 2018|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127064343/https://eju.tv/2009/07/bolivia-alista-el-salto-a-la-tv-digital-que-reemplazar-desde-2012-a-la-analgica/|archive-date=27 November 2015}}

After a memorandum of understanding signed with the Japanese government signed on July 20, 2010, the ISDB-T standard was selected as the country's default.

On April 8, 2018, ATT granted requests for sixteen television stations to begin digital terrestrial broadcasts in the trunk axis, with a deadline set for June 30.{{Cite web|author=Los Tiempos|title=Autorizan a 16 canales de TV iniciar pruebas en señal digital|url=http://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20180408/autorizan-16-canales-tv-iniciar-pruebas-senal-digital|date=8 April 2018|access-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410040238/http://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20180408/autorizan-16-canales-tv-iniciar-pruebas-senal-digital|archive-date=10 April 2018}} By the end of the year, 21 television stations in the three trunk axis cities were already broadcasting digital signals.{{cite news |title=La ATT informa que 21 canales digitales del eje central emiten su señal digital en HD (alta definición) |url=https://www.att.gob.bo/node/669 |language=es}}

Per a new supreme decree in October 2024, ATT determined the beginning of the analog switch-off in 2026, ending in May 2030. The new dates were due to negotiations with television station owners and members of the population, who haven't still changed to digital.[https://eldeber.com.bo/mundo/que-es-el-apagon-analogico-y-por-que-se-posterga-hasta-mayo-de-2026/ ¿Qué es el apagón analógico, y por qué se posterga hasta mayo de 2026?]

With the exception of Unitel, which usually broadcasts from its headquarters in the city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, most of the channels have their operations concentrated in the Government Headquarters (in the department of La Paz). The channels Unitel, ATB, Red Uno, Bolivisión and (to a lesser extent) Bolivia TV; usually broadcast local newscasts, at least in the cities that make up the main axis (La Paz, Cochabamba and Santa Cruz). The only public network is Bolivia TV, the rest being controlled by private businessmen.{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrocultural.coop/revista/910/los-medios-en-bolivia-mapa-y-legislacion-de-los-medios-de-comunicacion|title=Los medios en Bolivia: mapa y legislación de los medios de comunicación|access-date=10 September 2023|date=9 January 2017|website=Centro Cultural de la Cooperación|language=es}}

Their transmitting plants are commonly located in Ciudad Satélite, located in El Alto. This practice began when Telesistema Boliviano (today, Unitel) established its transmitting antenna in that place. The channels also own their own affiliates, with several exceptions; Red Uno does not operate in Tarija, Chuquisaca and Potosí, but licenses its operations to the company Comunicación Integral S.R.L., while Unitel operates through affiliates in the regions, in order to focus on the main axis, Oruro, Beni and Pando.

Channels with a presence in two or more departments but that, due to their technical or economic limitations, do not cover the nine departmental capitals of the national territory or do not have 90% coverage, excluding cable, satellite or internet television.

• Televisión Universitaria UAP (Cobija)
• Televisión Universitaria UABJB (Trinidad)
• Televisión Universitaria UAJMS (Tarija)
• Televisión Universitaria UMRPSFXCH (Sucre)
• Televisión Universitaria UNSXX (Llallagua)
• Televisión Universitaria UATF (Potosí)
• Radio y Televisión Universitaria UTO (Oruro)
• Televisión Universitaria UAGRM (Santa Cruz de la Sierra)
• Televisión Universitaria UMSS (Cochabamba)
• UPEA Televisión (El Alto)
• Televisión Universitaria UMSA (La Paz)

Are international channels that represent Bolivia on several cable operators or terrestrial television of other countries

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Bolivia