Telopea oreades

File:Telopea oreades Errinundra 01.jpg]]

Telopea oreades grows as a large shrub or narrow tree {{convert|9|–|19|m|ft|abbr=on}} high with a trunk reaching {{convert|45|to|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. Greyish brown, the trunk is thin in relation to the tree's height and not buttressed. Its surface is smooth with horizontal lenticels and warty protuberances. Smaller branches are more brown and smooth.{{cite book|author=Floyd, Alex G.|title=Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia|publisher= Treania Rainforest Publishing|location=The Channon, New South Wales|year= 2008|isbn= 978-0-9589436-7-3|page=317}} Young plants have a much more erect habit than other members of the genus Telopea and their stems have a distinct reddish tinge.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|p=28}} The shiny dark green leaves are arranged alternately along the stems. The leaves are narrow-obovate to spathulate, and measure {{convert|11–28|cm|in|sigfig=2}} long and {{convert|1.5|–|6|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide.{{cite web|url=http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Telopea~oreades|title=Telopea oreades |access-date=9 October 2009 |work= PlantNET – New South Wales Flora Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia}} They have a sunken midrib on the upperside (and corresponding ridge on the underside) with four to six pairs of lateral veins visible at a 45 degree angle to the midline. They veer and converge to form an easily seen vein that runs around {{convert|0.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} inside the leaf margin. The undersurface is paler and greyer. When dried, the leaves appear to have a granular texture.{{cite book| last = Wrigley | first = John |author2=Fagg, Murray | title = Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year = 1991 | publisher = Angus & Robertson | location = Sydney, New South Wales | isbn = 0-207-17277-3|page = 540}}

Flowering occurs between October and December in its native range, with plants at higher elevations flowering later than ones at lower altitude.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|p=29}} The crimson flowerheads are about {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are composed of 36 to 60 individual flowers with green to pink bracts,{{cite book|author1=Cochrane, G.R. |author2=Fuhrer, Bruce A.. |author3=Rotherdam, E.M. |author4=Simmons, J.& M. |author5=Willis, James H. | title=Flowers and Plants of Victoria and Tasmania|publisher=A.H. & A.W. Reed|location=Auckland, New Zealand | year=1980 | isbn= 0-589-50256-5}} which may be up to {{convert|3|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|p=28}} Each flower is encased in a {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long perianth, which is a much brighter red on the surface facing the centre of the flower than the surface facing outwards. Anthesis, or the opening of the flowers, begins with those at the centre of the flowerhead and moves to the edges or base.{{cite journal|author1=Rossetto, Maurizio |author2=Allen, Chris B. |author3=Thurlby, Katie A.G. |author4=Weston, Peter H. |author5=Milner, Melita L. |date=2012|title=Genetic structure and bio-climatic modeling support allopatric over parapatric speciation along a latitudinal gradient|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=12| at =149|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-12-149|pmid=22906180|pmc=3495659 |bibcode=2012BMCEE..12..149R |doi-access=free }} The individual flower bears a sessile anther (that is, it lacks a filament), which lies next to the stigma at the end of the style. The ovary lies at the base of the style and atop a stalk known as the gynophore, and it is from here that the seed pods then develop. Meanwhile, a crescent-shaped nectary lies at the base of the gynophore.{{cite journal|last=Willis|first=J.L.|year=1959|title=The genus Telopea|journal=Australian Plants|publisher=Surrey Beatty & Sons|location=Chipping Norton, New South Wales|volume=1|issue=1|pages=7–10}}

After flowering, the curved leathery to woody follicles develop; these are {{convert|5|to|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long,{{cite book|author1=Corrick, M.G. |author2=Fuhrer, Bruce A. | title=Wildflowers of Victoria and adjoining areas| publisher=Bloomings Books|location= Melbourne, Victoria| year=2001 | isbn=1-876473-14-2}} which somewhat resemble a boat in shape. These ripen the following May to September, and split open to reveal (and spill) 10–16 seeds. Arranged in two columns, the winged, flat brown seeds are around {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} long with a roughly rectangular wing {{convert|3.5|–|4|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. New shoots often grow through flowerheads.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|p=29}}

It can be difficult to distinguish T. oreades from T. mongaensis though the leaves of the latter species are more prominently veined, and mostly (but not always) narrower than {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide.{{cite book|author1=Crisp, Michael D. |author2=Weston, Peter H. |year=1995|chapter=Telopea|editor=McCarthy, Patrick|title=Flora of Australia: Volume 16: Eleagnaceae, Proteaceae 1|pages=386–90|publisher=CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study|location=Collingwood, Victoria| isbn=0-643-05693-9}} Telopea oreades flowers around a month earlier than T. mongaensis in areas where both are present.

File:Telopea oreades seed pods 6838.jpg following release of seeds]]

The Gippsland waratah was first formally described by the Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1861 in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae.{{cite web|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apniFormat/display/99813|title=Telopea oreades |access-date=3 March 2015|work= Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database|publisher = Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra}} The type material was collected in rugged mountainous country around Nungatta Creek, a tributary of the Genoa River in south-eastern New South Wales.{{cite journal|last=von Mueller|first=Ferdinand|date=1861|title=Telopea oreades|journal=Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae|volume=2|pages=170–71|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760958}} Mueller had been surveying the mountainous eastern part of the state since the 1850s.{{cite web|title=Map of Nungatta Creek, NSW|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas|publisher=Digital Atlas Pty Limited | url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=208379&cmd=sp&c=1&x=149.420265&y=-37.19481&w=15813&mpsec=0&s=nungatta%20crrek|access-date=13 March 2015}} The species name is said to be derived from the Ancient Greek oreos "mountain" and hence means "of or relating to a mountain". The proper word for "mountain" in Ancient Greek is however oros (ὄρος).Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie.Oxford: Clarendon Press. The only alternative scientific name proposed was in 1891, when Otto Kuntze named it as Hylogyne oreades, but it was rejected as an illegitimate name.{{cite web|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/api/instance/apni/472177|title= Hylogyne oreades (F.Muell.) Kuntze [nom. illeg. ] nom. rej.|access-date= 3 March 2015|work= Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database|publisher= Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government, Canberra|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://archive.today/20150309122103/https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/api/instance/apni/472177|archive-date= 9 March 2015|df= dmy-all}} Common names applies to the species include Gippsland-, Victorian-, mountain-, and tree waratah.{{cite book | title=Proteas of the World | year=1993 | author=Matthews, Lewis J. | page=[https://archive.org/details/proteasofworld00matt/page/112 112] | publisher=Timber Press | location=Portland, Oregon | isbn=9780881922356 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/proteasofworld00matt/page/112 }}

Telopea oreades is one of five species from southeastern Australia that make up the genus Telopea. No subspecies are recognised. It has been difficult to distinguish from the similar T. mongaensis, but microscopic analysis has revealed that T. oreades has features termed sclereids while T. mongaensis does not.{{cite journal |author1=Crisp, Michael D. |author2=Weston, Peter H. |title=Geographic and Ontogenetic Variation in Morphology of Australian Waratahs (Telopea: Proteaceae)|journal= Systematic Biology |volume=42|issue=1|pages=49–76|year=1993|jstor=2992556|doi=10.1093/sysbio/42.1.49}} The two are sister species, and their next closest relative is the Tasmanian waratah (T. truncata).{{cite journal|last=Weston|first=Peter H.|author2=Crisp, Michael D. |date=1994|title=Cladistic biogeography of waratahs (Proteaceae, Embothrieae) and their allies across the pacific|journal=Australian Systematic Botany|volume=7|issue=3|pages=225–49|doi=10.1071/SB9940225 }}

A disjunct northern population of T. oreades grows together with T. mongaensis in the southern Monga Valley in southern New South Wales, with some hybrids reported. Crisp and Weston concluded that the two species for the most part did not hybridise there. However, a genetic study using microsatellites found there was extensive hybridisation, with much of the presumed pure T. oreades showing a close relation to T. mongaensis. The populations of waratahs are thought to have grown and shrunk with the ebb and flow of ice ages in the Pleistocene, finally stranding a population of T. oreades located alongside T. mongaensis as conditions suitable for waratahs changed in southeastern Australia.

The genus lies in the subtribe Embothriinae, along with the tree waratahs (Alloxylon) from eastern Australia and New Caledonia, and Oreocallis and Chilean firetree (Embothrium coccineum) from South America.{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, Lawrence Alexander Sidney |author2=Briggs, Barbara G. | year = 1975 | title = On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 70 | issue = 2 | pages = 83–182 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x}}{{cite journal |author1=Weston, Peter H. |author2=Barker, Nigel P. | year = 2006 | title = A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera | journal = Telopea | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 314–44|doi=10.7751/telopea20065733 | doi-access = free }} Almost all these species have red terminal flowers, and hence the subtribe's origin and floral appearance must predate the splitting of Gondwana into Australia, Antarctica, and South America over 60 million years ago.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|p=19}}

File:Telopea oreades distribution map.svg

Telopea oreades occurs in moist forests and temperate rainforests of coastal ranges and tableland escarpments in two disjunct areas of southeastern Australia. The first is centred on East Gippsland in Victoria, from Orbost to the vicinity of Eden across the border in far southeastern New South Wales. There is a more northerly population around the Monga Valley near Braidwood, New South Wales extending to Moss Vale. There are unconfirmed reports of the species in the vicinity of Brown Mountain and Glenbog State Forest in southern New South Wales, which lie between the two areas. Plants in Victoria are found at altitudes ranging from {{convert|200|m|ft|sigfig=2}} in Lind National Park to {{convert|1300|m|ft|sigfig=2}} on Mount Ellery. Wetter eastern and southern slopes are favoured habitats, and the annual rainfall ranges from {{convert|1000|to|2000|mm|in|abbr=on}}.

T. oreades grows in acidic soil that is high in nutrients and organic matter. Associated tree species in Victoria include shining gum (Eucalyptus nitens), messmate (E. obliqua), mountain grey gum (E. cypellocarpa), cut-tail (E. fastigata), silvertop ash (E. sieberi), southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), black oliveberry (Elaeocarpus holopetalus),{{cite book |title=Wild Plants of Victoria (database)|year=2009 |publisher=Viridans Biological Databases & Department of Sustainability and Environment|location=Bentleigh East, Victoria}} blanket leaf (Bedfordia arborescens), Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), privet mock‐olive (Notelaea ligustrina), banyalla (Pittosporum bicolor), Errinundra plum pine (Podocarpus sp. Goonmirk Rocks), Errinundra pepper (Tasmannia xerophila subsp. robusta){{cite web|title=Management Standards and/Procedures for timber harvesting operations in Victoria's State forests 2014 Draft for public reference|publisher=Department of Environment and Primary Industries|year=2014|page=27|url=http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/249703/Management-Standards-and-Procedures.pdf|access-date=27 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831022520/http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/249703/Management-Standards-and-Procedures.pdf|archive-date=31 August 2014}} and soft tree fern (Dicksonia antarctica).{{cite book|author1=Crisp, Michael D. |author2=Weston, Peter H. |title=Waratahs, Their Biology, Cultivation and Conservation: Based on a Symposium Conducted by the Australian Flora Foundation and Held at the Australian Academy of Science Building, Canberra, ACT, October, 1984|editor=Armstrong, J.A.|publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|date=1987|pages=3–15 [7–11]|chapter=How Many Waratahs?|isbn=9780644068185}}

Telopea oreades is not listed under Commonwealth environmental legislation and is not considered by respective state authorities to be rare or threatened in Victoria or New South Wales.{{cite web|title=A Census of the Vascular Plants of Victoria|author1=Walsh, N.G.|author2=Stajsic, V.|edition=8th|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne|url=http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/viclist/t/index.htm|access-date=8 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312180143/http://rbg.vic.gov.au/viclist/t/index.htm|archive-date=12 March 2015}}{{cite web|title=Threatened species profile search|publisher=Office of Environment and Heritage|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp|access-date=8 March 2015}} The species does occur in the threatened Cool Temperate Rainforest Community in Victoria that is protected under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act,{{cite web|title=Flora and Fauna Guarantee Threatened List 2014 |page=16|publisher=Department of Environment and Primary Industries|url=http://www.depi.vic.gov.au/environment-and-wildlife/threatened-species-and-communities/flora-and-fauna-guarantee-act-1988/ffg-listed-taxa-communities-and-potentially-threatening-processes|access-date=8 March 2015}} and it is a component of the threatened Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests of far southern New South Wales.{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegSpecies.aspx?vegName=Southern+Escarpment+Wet+Sclerophyll+Forests&habitat=C|title=Species found in the Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests class|work=Threatened Species|author=Office of Environment & Heritage|publisher=NSW Government|access-date=7 March 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/VegClass.aspx?vegClassName=Southern+Escarpment+Wet+Sclerophyll+Forests|title=Southern Escarpment Wet Sclerophyll Forests|author=Office of Environment & Heritage|work=Threatened Species|publisher=NSW Government|access-date=7 March 2015}} Furthermore, planted specimens are frequently stolen from bush regeneration sites as they are desirable garden plants.{{cite book|last=Peel|first=Bill|title=Rainforest Restoration Manual for South-Eastern Australia|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|location=Collingwood, Victoria|date=2010|page=266|isbn=9780643102040|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kH01-w6tVvoC&pg=PA266}} Conversely in New Zealand, there is a report of T. oreades escaping into kanuka scrub from the trout hatchery gardens on the Tongariro River south of Lake Taupō.{{cite journal|last=Gardner|first=Rhys O.|date=1984|title=Vegetation and Flora at the head of Lake Taupo|journal=Auckland Botanical Society Journal|volume=39|issue=2|pages=33–39|url=http://bts.nzpcn.org.nz/bts_pdf/Auck_1984_39_2_33-39.pdf}}

File:Telopea oreades 6828.jpg

The prominent position and striking colour of Telopea oreades and many of its relatives within the subtribe Embothriinae—both in Australia and South America—strongly suggest it is adapted to pollination by birds, and has been for over 60 million years.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|p=19}} Birds recorded visiting the flowers for their nectar include red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), eastern spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris), crescent honeyeater (Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus), yellow-faced honeyeater (Lichenostomus chrysops), brown-headed honeyeater (Melithreptus brevirostris), white-naped honeyeater (Melithreptus lunatus) and silvereye (Zosterops lateralis).{{cite journal|author1=Recher, H.F. |author2=Holmes, R.T. |author3=Schulz, M. |author4=Shields, J. |author5=Kavanagh, R. |date=1985|title=Foraging patterns of breeding birds in eucalypt forest and woodland of southeastern Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Ecology|volume=10|issue=4|pages=399–419|doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.1985.tb00902.x}}

T. oreades has a central taproot and few lateral roots. Like most Proteaceae, it has fine proteoid roots that arise from larger roots.{{cite journal|author=Purnell , Helen M.|year=1960|title=Studies of the family Proteaceae. I. Anatomy and morphology of the roots of some Victorian species|journal=Australian Journal of Botany|volume=8|issue=1|pages=38–50|doi=10.1071/BT9600038}} These are roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. They are particularly efficient at absorbing nutrients from nutrient-poor soils, including the phosphorus-deficient native soils of Australia.{{cite journal |last=Lamont |first=Byron B. | author-link=Byron Lamont | year = 1993 | title = Why are hairy root clusters so abundant in the most nutrient-impoverished soils of Australia | journal = Plant and Soil | volume = 156 | issue = 1 | pages = 269–72 | doi = 10.1007/BF00025034|bibcode=1993PlSoi.155..269L |s2cid=32550881 }}

T. oreades has a swollen woody base largely under the soil known as a lignotuber, which stores energy and nutrients as a resource for rapid growth after a bushfire.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|pp=25–26}} The wet forests in which it grows seldom catch fire. When they do, the plant community becomes a more open sclerophyll woodland until slow-growing plants with larger leaves take over. New shoots grow from the lignotuber, which survives bushfire as the rest of the plant above ground is burnt. The seed also germinates and grows in post-bushfire soil, which is higher in nutrients and more open with fewer competing plant species.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|pp=25–26}} Waratah seeds are often eaten—and destroyed—by animals and do not travel far (several metres) from the parent plants.{{cite journal|author1=Denham Andrew J. |author2=Auld, Tony D. |year=2002|title=Flowering, seed dispersal, seed predation and seedling recruitment in two pyrogenic flowering resprouters|journal=Australian Journal of Botany|volume=50|issue=5|pages=545–57|doi=10.1071/BT02009}}

File:Telopea oreades bud.jpg

Telopea oreades needs a well-drained location as well as reliable moisture to thrive. Soil with some clay content is beneficial. It is more shade-tolerant than the more popular New South Wales waratah,{{cite web|url=http://anpsa.org.au/t-ore.html|title=Telopea oreades|last=Walters|first=Brian|date=October 2008|work=Plant Guides|publisher=Australian Native Plants Society (Australia)|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210746/http://anpsa.org.au/t-ore.html|url-status=dead}} preferring part-shade but tolerating sunny aspects. It tolerates moderate frosts. Plants can be hard-pruned—lopping old stems and branches can rejuvenate mature plants. Plants can benefit from low-phosphorus fertilizer applied in spring and autumn. Propagation is by seed, the germination rates of which fall significantly after several months' storage unless refrigerated, or by cuttings of new growth that has just hardened. Cultivars must be propagated by cutting to make daughter plants identical to the parent.

T. oreades has been grown successfully in England.{{sfn|Nixon|1997|p=29}} The plant was first cultivated there by Canon Arthur Townsend Boscawen at Ludgvan in Cornwall from seed that he obtained in 1910. He had succeeded in bringing the plant into flower by 1915, providing material for illustration in Curtis's Botanical Magazine in 1916.{{cite journal|title=Telopea oreades|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=12|issue=142|page=8684|year=1916|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/471526}} A plant in Cornwall reached {{convert|4.6|m|ft|sigfig=2}} in height, while another at Wakehurst Place reached {{convert|2.5|m|ft|sigfig=2}} in the late 1980s. Although thriving at Wakehurst, the species can be very sensitive to English soils.{{cite journal|last=Clennett|first=Chris|date=2004|title=The Southern Hemisphere Garden at Wakehurst Place|journal=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|volume=21|issue=1|pages=81–87|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8748.2004.00417.x}} The Royal Horticultural Society awarded the species an Award of Merit in 1916.

A selected white-flowered form from the Errinundra Plateau, which was originally known as 'Plateau View Alba' or 'Plateau View White', was registered by the Australian Cultivar Registration Authority in 1990 as 'Errindundra White'.{{cite web |url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc403.html |title=Telopea 'Errinundra White' |access-date=9 October 2009 |publisher=Australian Cultivar Registration Authority}} Plantsmen have also developed several hybrids with T. speciosissima, looking to combine the hardiness of T. oreades with the showier flowerheads of the latter. Red-, pink- and even white-flowered cultivars are available.

• Telopea 'Champagne' is a cultivar registered under plant breeders' rights (PBR) in 2006.{{cite web|title=Waratah (Telopea hybrid): Variety: 'Champagne'|year=2006|work=IP Australia: Plant Breeders Rights website|publisher=IP Australia, Commonwealth of Australia|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/plant_detail.cfm?AID=15240863|access-date=9 March 2015}} Its creamy yellow flowerheads appear from October to December. It is a three-way hybrid between T. speciosissima, T. oreades and the yellow-flowered form of T. truncata.
• Telopea 'Golden Globe' is a cultivar registered under PBR in 2005.{{cite web|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/search.cfm|title=Waratah (Telopea hybrid): Variety: 'Golden Globe'|year=2006|work=IP Australia: Plant Breeders Rights website|publisher=IP Australia, Commonwealth of Australia|access-date=21 February 2015}} Larger than 'Champagne', it is also a three-way hybrid between T. speciosissima, T. oreades and the yellow-flowered form of T. truncata. It has been propagated and sold as 'Shady Lady Yellow'. It was originally bred in the Dandenong Ranges east of Melbourne.{{cite book |author1=Elliot, Rodger W. |author2=Jones, David L. |author3=Blake, Trevor |title=Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Volume 9 – Sp-Z|year=2010 |publisher=Lothian Press |location=Port Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=978-0-7344-0974-4|pages=200–03}}
• Telopea 'Shady Lady Red' is a larger shrub that may reach {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high and {{convert|2|or|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. A hybrid of T. speciosissima and T. oreades, it arose by chance in a Melbourne garden. The first of the 'Shady Lady' series of cultivars, it became commercially available in the mid-1980s. The flowerheads are smaller and lack the bracts of the speciosissima parent. As its name suggests, it tolerates more shade.{{cite book|last=Stewart |first=Angus |author-link= Angus Stewart|title=Gardening on the Wild Side|year=2001 |publisher=ABC Books |location=Sydney, New South Wales |isbn=0-7333-0791-4 |pages=132–38}} It is vigorous and more reliable in temperate and subtropical areas, and grows in semi-shade or sun.
• Telopea 'Shady Lady White' is a white-flowered hybrid between T. speciosissima and T. oreades.
• Telopea 'Shady Lady Pink' is the result of a cross between 'Shady Lady Red' and 'Shady Lady White'.{{cite journal|last=Mathews|first=David|date=2009|title=Proteaflora's Shady Lady Waratahs|journal=Australian Plants|volume=25|issue=201|pages=184|issn=0005-0008}}
• Telopea 'Shady Lady Crimson' is a selected colour form developed from 'Shady Lady Red'. It became commercially available in Australia in 2010.{{cite web|title=Waratah (Telopea speciosissima x Telopea oreades 'T90-1-0-1')|year=2006|work=IP Australia: Plant Breeders Rights website|publisher=IP Australia, Commonwealth of Australia|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/pbr_db/plant_detail.cfm?AID=15240876|access-date=9 March 2015}}

The timber is fairly hard and resembles silky oak (Grevillea robusta). It is durable and can be readily polished and worked with, making it amenable for use in furniture, picture frames and tool handles.

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{cite book|last=Nixon|first=Paul|title=The Waratah|publisher=Kangaroo Press|location=East Roseville, New South Wales|year=1997|orig-year=1989|edition=2nd|isbn=0-86417-878-6}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7697821}}

Category:Flora of New South Wales

Category:Flora of Victoria (state)

Category:Plants described in 1861

Category:Proteales of Australia

oreades

Category:Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller