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Telue language

{{Short description|Kra language}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Telue

|nativename=Duoluo

|altname=White Gelao

|states=China, Vietnam

|region=Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan, Ha Giang Province

|speakers= 1,220

|date= 1987

|ref= e24

|familycolor=Tai–Kadai

|fam2=Kra

|fam3=Ge–Chi

|fam4=Gelao

|script=

|iso3=giw

|glotto=whit1267

|glottorefname=Duoluo Gelao

}}

Telue (pinyin transcription: Duoluo 多罗; Tolo) or White Gelao is a Gelao language spoken in China and Vietnam.Zhang Jimin 张済民. 1993. Gelao yu yan jiu 仡佬语研究 (A study of Gelao). Guiyang, China: Guizhou People's Press 贵州民族出版社.Zhou Guoyan 周国炎. 2004. Gelao zu mu yu sheng tai yan jiu 仡佬族母語生态硏究 (Studies on the linguistic ecology of the Gelao people). Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House 民族出版社.

Dialects

The primary dialectal areas where Telue (White Gelao) is still spoken are:Li Jinfang [李锦芳]. 2006. Studies on endangered languages in the Southwest China [西南地区濒危语言调查研究]. Beijing: Minzu University [中央民族大学出版社].

  • Guizhou, China (in Liuzhi Special District{{cite book |last=Li |first=Jinfang 李锦芳 |date=2019 |title=Guizhou Liuzhi Gelaoyu 贵州六枝仡佬语 |location=Beijing |publisher=The Commercial Press |oclc=1112270585}}): Judu 居都
  • Guangxi, China (in Longlin County): Moji 磨基 (also spoken in Wantao 湾桃)
  • Yunnan, China (in Malipo County): Yueliangwan 月亮湾 (also spoken in Fengyan 峰岩 and Laozhai 老寨)
  • Vietnam (in Hà Giang Province)Samarina, Irina Vladimirovna [Самарина, Ирина Владимировна]. 2011. The Gelao language: materials for a Kadai comparative dictionary [Языки гэлао: материалы к сопоставительному словарю кадайских языко]. Moscow: Academia. {{ISBN|9785874443917}}

Phonology

Duoluo has many uvular and prenasalized consonants.{{cite web|author=Edmondson, Jerold A. |title=Kra or Kadai languages |url=http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/krac.pdf |publisher=Ling.uta.edu |access-date=2013-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001746/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/krac.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-15 }}

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="3" |Labial

! colspan="2" |Dental/
Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |(Alveolo-)
palatal

! colspan="3" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Uvular

! colspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!pal.

!lat.

!plain

!pal.

!plain

!pal.

!lab.

!plain

!pal.

rowspan="3" |Stop

!voiceless

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|pʲ}}

|{{IPAlink|pˡ}}

|{{IPAlink|t}}

|{{IPAlink|tʲ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|{{IPAlink|kʲ}}

|{{IPAlink|kʷ}}

|{{IPAlink|q}}

|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}

|{{IPAlink|ʔʲ}}

aspirated

|{{IPAlink|pʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|pʲʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|pˡʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|tʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|tʲʰ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|kʲʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|kʷʰ}}

|{{IPAlink|qʰ}}

| colspan="2" |

voiced

|{{IPAlink|b}}

|{{IPAlink|bʲ}}

|{{IPAlink|bˡ}}

|{{IPAlink|d}}

|{{IPAlink|dʲ}}

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɡ}}

|

|

| colspan="2" |

rowspan="3" |Affricate

!voiceless

| colspan="2" |

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ts}}

|{{IPAlink|tɕ}}

| colspan="2" |

|

|

| colspan="2" |

aspirated

| colspan="2" |

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|tsʰ}}

|({{IPAlink|tɕʰ}})

| colspan="2" |

|

|

| colspan="2" |

voiced

| colspan="2" |

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|dz}}

|{{IPAlink|dʑ}}

| colspan="2" |

|

|

| colspan="2" |

rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|f}}

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|s}}

|{{IPAlink|ɕ}}

| colspan="2" |

|

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|h}}

voiced

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|v}}

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|z}}

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɣ}}

|

|

| colspan="2" |

rowspan="2" |Nasal

!voiceless

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|m̥}}

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|n̥}}

|{{IPAlink|ɲ̟̊}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ŋ̊}}

|

|

| colspan="2" |

voiced

|{{IPAlink|m}}

|{{IPAlink|mʲ}}

|{{IPAlink|mˡ}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|n}}

|{{IPAlink|ɲ̟}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ŋ}}

|

|

| colspan="2" |

rowspan="3" |Lateral

!fricative

| colspan="2" |

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɬ}}

|

| colspan="2" |

|

|

| colspan="2" |

glide

| colspan="2" |

|

|{{IPAlink|l}}

|{{IPAlink|lʲ}}

|

| colspan="2" |

|

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ˀl}}

labial

| colspan="2" |

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|lʷ}}

|

| colspan="2" |

|

|

| colspan="2" |

colspan="2" |Approximant

| colspan="2" |

|

| colspan="2" |

|{{IPAlink|j}}

| colspan="2" |

|({{IPAlink|w}})

|

| colspan="2" |

  • The sound of the affricates {{IPA|/ts, tsʰ, dz/}} are frequently close to interdental affricate sounds {{IPA|[tθ, tθʰ, dð]}}.
  • The pronunciation of {{IPA|/j/}} can sometimes be close to an alveolo-palatal sound {{IPA|[ʑ]}}, but not as fully articulated.
  • {{IPA|/ŋ/}} can also form a syllabic nasal {{IPA|[ŋ̍]}}.
  • Sounds {{IPA|/tɕʰ, w/}} mainly appear in modern Chinese loanwords.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

! colspan="2" |Front

!Central

! colspan="2" |Back

align="center"

!Close

|{{IPAlink|i}}

|{{IPAlink|y}}

|

|{{IPAlink|ɯ}}

|{{IPAlink|u}}

align="center"

!Mid

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|e}}

|{{IPAlink|ə}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|o}}

align="center"

!Open

| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|a}}

|

| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɑ}}

Syllabic

| colspan="2" |

|{{IPAlink|ɹ̩}}

| colspan="2" |

  • {{IPA|/ɹ̩/}} only is heard after dental/alveolar fricatives and affricates only, {{IPA|/i/}} is never heard in this position.
  • {{IPA|/ə/}} and {{IPA|/ɯ/}} are typically free variants of each other. When used as a single vowel, it is commonly heard as {{IPA|[ɯ]}}, but when followed by a back vowel {{IPA|/ɯ, u/}} it is pronounced as {{IPA|[ə]}}.{{Cite book|last=Zhuo|first=Guoyan|title=The phonology system of Judu Gelao language|publisher=Hochiminh City: Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City University|year=2000|location=The Fifth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics}}

= Tones =

White Gelao of Yueliangwan, Yunnan has 4 tones.Ni 1990, p.217.

align=center=1 cellpadding="5"
Tone || Value || ExampleTaken from Ni 1990, p.214-217. || Meaning
| 155{{IPA|ʔm̩55}}Water
| 233{{IPA|gɯ33}}wrap, surround
| 335{{IPA|səŋ35}}Two
| 421{{IPA|ko21h̃uŋ55}}Door

White Gelao of Niupo, Guizhou has 4 tones.Ni 1990, p. 209.

align=center=1 cellpadding="5"
Value || ExampleTaken from Ni 1990, pp. 206-208. || Meaning
| 55{{IPA|mlɯ55}}harvest
| 33{{IPA|pu33liɯ31}}Fish
| 35{{IPA|pla35}}Blood
| 31{{IPA|mlaŋ31}}Oil, grease

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Tai-Kadai languages}}

Category:Kra languages

Category:Languages of Vietnam

Category:Languages of Guizhou

Category:Languages of Guangxi

Category:Languages of Yunnan