Temenggong
{{Short description|Old Malay nobility title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
Temenggong or Tumenggung (Jawi: تمڠݢوڠ; Temenggung,{{cite book|last=Turnbull|first=C.M.|author-link = C. M. Turnbull| title=A History of Singapore: 1819-1975|year=1977|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Kuala Lumpur|isbn=0-19-580354-X}} Hanacaraka: ꦠꦸꦩꦼꦁꦒꦸꦁ; Tumenggung) is an old Malay and Javanese title of nobility, usually given to the chief of public security.
Responsibilities
The Temenggong is usually responsible for the safety of the monarch (raja or sultan), as well as overseeing the state police and army. A temenggong may also be assigned by his sovereign as a ruler in frontier regions, acting either as a regent or viceroy with additional development & military responsibility (comparable to European Marquess).{{Cite book|last=M.Pd|first=Dr Endi Rochaendi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKcPEAAAQBAJ&dq=fungsi+tumenggung&pg=PA62|title=Sebuah Catatan Majalengka Tempo Dulu: Alam, Manusia & Kehidupan|date=2020-12-14|publisher=Media Sains Indonesia|isbn=978-623-6882-64-1|language=id}}{{Cite book|last=Graaf|first=Hermanus Johannes de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaQeAAAAMAAJ&q=tumenggung+tentara|title=Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung|date=1986|publisher=Grafitipers|isbn=978-979-444-090-2|language=id}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEhxAAAAMAAJ&q=jabatan+tumenggung|title=Sisi gelap Kalimantan Barat: perseteruan etnis Dayak-Madura 1997|date=1999|publisher=Institut Studi Arus Informasi|isbn=978-979-8933-18-9|language=id}}
Johor
In the Sultanate of Johor, the Temenggong of Muar held a fief centered in Segamat for approximately two centuries and the Temenggong of Johor was the head of the fief (Johor mainland) between 1760 and 1868. The full rendition of the Johor Temenggong was Temenggung Seri Maharaja. Although the Temenggong was the head of the fief's administration, the Temenggong held the Johor Sultanate by virtue of his being a vassal of the Sultan.{{better source needed|date=November 2021|reason=Rather crude analysis}} In 1868, Temenggong Abu Bakar declared himself a maharaja, assumed control over Muar and declared himself an independent ruler. In 1885, he assumed the title of Sultan with the blessing of Britain.
Majapahit
Negarakretagama cantos 10{{Cite web|title=Java Sources|url=http://www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de/java-history/JavaNK/Java1365.Nagara-Kertagama.Canto.8-12.html|access-date=2021-10-15|website=www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de}} describe that the mayor visited the Kepatihan Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister building) led by Gajah Mada in order to report the administrative activities in the area. Majapahit government administration had five authoritative leaders called Sang Panca Ri is capability they were
- Patih Amangkubhumi (Prime Minister) / the Prime Minister who supervised Rakryan Tumenggung (commander), Rakryan Rangga (commander assistant), Rakryan Kanuruhan (communicator) and Rakryan Demung (regulator the royal household). He ruled as the regulator of the government implementation in all regions of Majapahit, and therefore Sang Panca Ri Wilwatikta was visited by the State authorities and local subordinates for government affairs.
- From the Prime Minister, commands down to wedana (the district officer), the district head.
- From wedana down to akuwu, the head of a group of village.
- From akuwu down to buyut, village elders.
- From buyut down to the villagers
Mataram Sultanate
During the era of Mataram Sultanate, temenggongs were directly appointed by sultan and acted as regional leaders in regions not directly administrated by the court (mostly in coastal regions).{{Cite book|last=Suwarno|first=P. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=stIjAAAAMAAJ&q=tumenggung+daerah+sultan|title=Sejarah birokrasi pemerintahan Indonesia dahulu dan sekarang|date=1989|publisher=Penerbitan Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta|isbn=978-979-8109-01-0|language=id}}{{Cite book|last=B.Sc|first=Drs H. Budiono Herusatoto|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvsuEAAAQBAJ&dq=jabatan+tumenggung+mataram&pg=PA434|title=Kisah Penerus Dinasti Mataram, Sang Pangeran Senapati Puger, Berjuang Dari Banyumas Hingga Kartasura|date=2021-05-01|publisher=Deepublish|isbn=978-623-02-2838-4|language=id}} They were responsible for raising and commanding their own regional army, which could be assigned in a military expedition supervised by the sultan himself.{{Cite book|last=Graaf|first=Hermanus Johannes de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaQeAAAAMAAJ&q=tentara+tumenggung+mataram|title=Puncak kekuasaan Mataram: politik ekspansi Sultan Agung|date=1986|publisher=Grafitipers|isbn=978-979-444-090-2|language=id}} One of the most renowned temenggongs in Mataram was Bahureksa, the regent of Kendal. He was executed by Sultan Agung due to his failure while leading the Mataram army during the unsuccessful Siege of Batavia in 1628.{{Cite web|last=Okezone|date=2021-02-21|title=Melacak Jejak Prajurit Mataram saat Serang Batavia : Okezone Nasional|url=https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2021/02/21/337/2365613/melacak-jejak-prajurit-mataram-saat-serang-batavia|access-date=2021-06-08|website=nasional.okezone.com/|language=id-ID}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xZEDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bahureksa+Kendal&pg=PA25|title=5 Sultan Nusantara Melawan Penjajah: Seri Kepahlawanan Raja-raja Nusantara|date=2017-12-22|publisher=Sang Surya Media|language=id}}{{Cite web|date=2020-08-28|title=Kisah Suram di Balik Kegagalan Mataram Taklukan Batavia|url=https://republika.co.id/share/qfqjts282|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Republika Online|language=id}}