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Temiar language

{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in Malaysia}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Temiar

|states=Peninsular Malaysia

|ethnicity=

|speakers={{sigfig|32,000|1}}

|date=2020

|ref=e25

|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic

|fam2=Aslian

|fam3=Senoic

| script = Latin

|iso3=tea

|glotto=temi1246

|glottorefname=Temiar

}}

Temiar is a Central Aslian (Austroasiatic) language spoken in Western Malaysia by the Temiar people. The Temiar are one of the most numerous Aslian-speaking peoples, numbering around 30,000 in 2017.{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/aesthetics-of-grammar/aesthetic-elements-in-temiar-grammar/C1718F6AFF8500EEF5D11DA88E5089EC|chapter=Aesthetic elements in Temiar grammar|last=Benjamin|first=Geoffrey|editor1-first=Jeffrey P|editor1-last=Williams|date=November 2013|title=The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia|access-date=2019-10-14|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139030489.004|pages=36–60|isbn=9781139030489}}

Name

Etymologically, the word "Temiar" means "edge" or "side". This meaning reflects the way in which Temiars describe themselves as "people of the edge, outside, [i.e. jungle]."{{Cite journal|last=Benjamin|first=Geoffrey|date=2012|title=The Peculiar History of the Ethnonym "Temiar"|journal=Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|volume=27|issue=2|pages=205–233|doi=10.1355/sj27-2a}}

Phonology

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Oral vowels

!

! Front

!Central

!Back

align="center"

!Close

|{{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}}

|{{IPAlink|ʉ}} {{IPAlink|ʉː}}

|{{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}}

Close-mid

|{{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}}

|

|{{IPAlink|o}} {{IPAlink|oː}}

Open-mid

|{{IPAlink|ɛ}} {{IPAlink|ɛː}}

|{{IPAlink|ə}} {{IPAlink|əː}}

|{{IPAlink|ɔ}} {{IPAlink|ɔː}}

align="center"

!Open

|

|{{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}}

|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

|+Nasal vowels

!

! Front

!Central

!Back

align="center"

!Close

|{{IPAlink|ĩ}} {{IPAlink|ĩː}}

|{{IPAlink|ʉ̃}} {{IPAlink|ʉ̃ː}}

|{{IPAlink|ũ}} {{IPAlink|ũː}}

Mid

|{{IPAlink|ɛ̃}} {{IPAlink|ɛ̃ː}}

|

|{{IPAlink|ɔ̃}} {{IPAlink|ɔ̃ː}}

align="center"

!Open

|

|{{IPAlink|ã}} {{IPAlink|ãː}}

|

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" |

!Bilabial

!Dental

!Palatal

!Velar

!Glottal

rowspan="2" |Plosive

!voiceless

|{{IPAlink|p}}

|{{IPAlink|t}}

|{{IPAlink|c}}

|{{IPAlink|k}}

|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}

voiced

|{{IPAlink|b}}

|{{IPAlink|d}}

|{{IPAlink|ɟ}}

|{{IPAlink|ɡ}}

|

colspan="2" |Nasal

| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|m}}

| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|n}}

|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}

| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|ŋ}}

|

colspan="2" |Rhotic

|

|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|{{IPAlink|l}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Fricative

|

|

|{{IPAlink|ɕ}}

|

|{{IPAlink|h}}

colspan="2" |Approximant

|{{IPAlink|w}}

|

|{{IPAlink|j}}

|

|

Morphosyntax

=Noun Phrase=

The noun phrase is (pro)noun initial followed by modifiers and demonstratives or possessor pronouns. Pronouns may not be modified by another pronoun.{{Cite book|last=Benjamin|first=Geoffrey|date=1976|title=An Outline of Temiar Grammar|series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications|pages=129–187|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |issn=0078-3188|jstor=20019155}} There are three allomorphic classes of pronouns (stressed unstressed, and bound). Stressed third person pronouns must occur with a demonstrative (and hence only occur as unstressed or as bound morphemes on the demonstrative (e.g. na-doh 'he-here' or ʔun-tu:y 'they-elsewhere.'

class="wikitable"

|+Stressed Pronouns

!Person

!Singular

! colspan="2" |Dual

! colspan="2" |Plural

!

!Inclusive

!Exclusive

!Inclusive

!Exclusive

1

|{{IPA|ye:ʔ}}

|{{IPA|ʔa:r}}

|{{IPA|ya:r}}

|{{IPA|ʔɛ:ʔ}}

|{{IPA|kanɛ:ʔ}}

2

|{{IPA|ha:ʔ}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|kəʔan}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɲɔb}}

class="wikitable"

|+Unstressed Pronouns

!Person

!Singular

! colspan="2" |Dual

! colspan="2" |Plural

!

!Inclusive

!Exclusive

!Inclusive

!Exclusive

1

|{{IPA|yeh}}

|{{IPA|ʔah}}

|{{IPA|yah}}

|{{IPA|ʔɛh}}

|{{IPA|kanɛh}}

2

|{{IPA|hah}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|kəʔan}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɲɔb}}

3

|{{IPA|ʔəh}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|weh}} {{IPA|wɛh}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʔun}} {{IPA|ʔən}}

class="wikitable"

|+Bound Pronouns

!Person

!Singular

! colspan="2" |Dual

! colspan="2" |Plural

!

!Inclusive

!Exclusive

!Inclusive

!Exclusive

1

|{{IPA|ʔi-}}

|{{IPA|ʔa-}}

|{{IPA|ya-}}

|{{IPA|ʔɛ-}}

|{{IPA|kanɛ-}}

{{IPA|ki-}}

{{IPA|kɛ-}}

2

|{{IPA|ha-}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|kəʔa-}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ɲɔ(b)-}}

3

|{{IPA|na-}} {{IPA|ʔə-}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|we-}} {{IPA|wɛ-}}

| colspan="2" |{{IPA|ʔun-}}

= Verb Phrase =

The verb phrase is ordered as sentential negation, auxiliary verb and main verb. The verb phrase precedes the subject.

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2011. "Deponent verbs and middle-voice nouns in Temiar." In: Sophana Srichampa & Paul Sidwell (eds), Austroasiatic Studies: Papers from ICAAL4 (Mon-Khmer Studies, Special Issue no. 2), Canberra: Pacific Linguistics E-8, pp. 11–37. {{ISBN|9780858836419}} (electronic document)
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2012. "[http://www.mksjournal.org/mksj41.pdf#page=34 The Temiar causative (and related features)]." Mon-Khmer Studies 41: 32–45. {{ISSN|0147-5207}} (online).
  • Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2014. "Aesthetic elements in Temiar grammar." In: Jeffrey Williams (ed.), The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–60. {{ISBN|9781107007123}} (print, hard cover), {{ISBN|9781107496309}} (eBook, 2013). {{doi|10.1017/CBO9781139030489.004}}

External links

{{Languages of Malaysia}}

{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Languages of Malaysia

Category:Aslian languages