Template:Notable flu pandemics

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class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" \|+ Major modern influenza pandemics{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hilleman MR \| title = Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control \| journal = Vaccine \| volume = 20 \| issue = 25–26 \| pages = 3068–87 \| date = August 2002 \| pmid = 12163258 \| doi = 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2 \|ref=none}}{{cite journal \| vauthors = Potter CW \| title = A history of influenza \| journal = Journal of Applied Microbiology \| volume = 91 \| issue = 4 \| pages = 572–9 \| date = October 2001 \| pmid = 11576290 \| doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x \| s2cid = 26392163 \|ref=none}}
Name ! Date ! World {{abbr\|pop.\|population}} ! Subtype ! Reproduction number{{cite journal \| vauthors = Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L \| title = Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature \| journal = BMC Infectious Diseases \| volume = 14 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 480 \| date = September 2014 \| pmid = 25186370 \| pmc = 4169819 \| doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-14-480 \|ref=none \| doi-access = free }} ! Infected (est.) ! Deaths worldwide ! Case fatality rate ! Pandemic severity
Spanish flu{{cite journal \| vauthors = Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M \| title = Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza \| journal = Nature \| volume = 432 \| issue = 7019 \| pages = 904–6 \| date = December 2004 \| pmid = 15602562 \| doi = 10.1038/nature03063 \| pmc = 7095078 \| bibcode = 2004Natur.432..904M \|ref=none}} \| 1918–20 \| 1.80 billion \| H1N1 \| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.47–2.27) \| 33% (500{{nbsp}}million){{cite journal \| vauthors = Taubenberger JK, Morens DM \| title = 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics \| journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases \| volume = 12 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 15–22 \| date = January 2006 \| pmid = 16494711 \| pmc = 3291398 \| doi = 10.3201/eid1201.050979 \|ref=none}} or >56% (>1{{nbsp}}billion) \| 17{{cite journal \| vauthors = Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J \| title = Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic \| journal = American Journal of Epidemiology \| volume = 187 \| issue = 12 \| pages = 2561–2567 \| date = December 2018 \| pmid = 30202996 \| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwy191 \| pmc = 7314216 \|ref=none}}–100{{cite journal \| vauthors = Morens DM, Fauci AS \| title = The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century \| journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases \| volume = 195 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 1018–28 \| date = April 2007 \| pmid = 17330793 \| doi = 10.1086/511989 \| url = https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/195/7/1018/800918 \|ref=none}}{{cite journal \| vauthors = Johnson NP, Mueller J \| title = Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic \| journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine \| volume = 76 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 105–15 \| date = 2002 \| pmid = 11875246 \| doi = 10.1353/bhm.2002.0022 \| s2cid = 22974230 \|ref=none}}{{nbsp}}million \| 2–3%, or ~4%, or ~10%{{cite news\|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-03-06/why-this-coronavirus-likely-wont-be-as-bad-as-the-1918-pandemic-flu \|title=Why the coronavirus outbreak isn't likely to be a repeat of the 1918 Spanish flu\| vauthors = Lin II RG, Karlamangla S \|date=March 6, 2020\|work=Los Angeles Times \|ref=none}} \| style="background:#ff6060;"\| 5
Asian flu \| 1957–58 \| 2.90 billion \| H2N2 \| 1.65 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.53–1.70) \| >17% (>500{{nbsp}}million) \| 1–4{{nbsp}}million \| <0.2%{{cite web\|url=http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10-en.pdf\|title=Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 \|date=2011-05-05\|page=37\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514145306/http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10-en.pdf\|archive-date=14 May 2015\|access-date=1 March 2015 \|ref=none}} \|style="background: #ffe775"\| 2
Hong Kong flu \| 1968–69 \| 3.53 billion \| H3N2 \| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.56–1.85) \| >14% (>500{{nbsp}}million) \| 1–4{{nbsp}}million \| <0.2%{{cite journal \| vauthors = Schwarzmann SW, Adler JL, Sullivan RJ, Marine WM \| title = Bacterial pneumonia during the Hong Kong influenza epidemic of 1968-1969 \| journal = Archives of Internal Medicine \| volume = 127 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 1037–41 \| date = June 1971 \| pmid = 5578560 \| doi = 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006 \|ref=none}} \|style="background: #ffe775"\| 2
1977 Russian flu \|1977–79 \|4.21 billion \|H1N1 \|? \|? \|0.7 million{{cite journal\|vauthors=Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J\|date=August 2009\|title=Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door\|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5\|journal=Medical Microbiology and Immunology\|volume=198\|issue=3\|pages=175–83\|doi=10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5\|pmid=19543913\|s2cid=20496301 \|ref=none}} \|? \|?
2009 swine flu pandemic{{cite journal \| vauthors = Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE \| title = Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study \| journal = BMJ \| volume = 339 \| pages = b5213 \| date = December 2009 \| pmid = 20007665 \| pmc = 2791802 \| doi = 10.1136/bmj.b5213 \|ref=none}}{{cite web\|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/pandemic-global-estimates.htm\|title=First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration\|date=25 June 2012\|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\|access-date=7 July 2012 \|ref=none}} \| 2009–10 \| 6.85 billion \| H1N1/09 \| 1.46 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.30–1.70) \| 11–21% (0.7–1.4 billion){{cite journal \| vauthors = Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ \| title = The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination \| journal = PLOS ONE \| volume = 6 \| issue = 8 \| pages = e21828 \| date = 2011-08-05 \| pmid = 21850217 \| pmc = 3151238 \| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0021828 \| bibcode = 2011PLoSO...621828K \| doi-access = free \|ref=none}} \| 151,700–575,400{{cite journal \| vauthors = Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA \| title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study \| journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases \| volume = 12 \| issue = 9 \| pages = 687–95 \| date = September 2012 \| pmid = 22738893 \| doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4 \| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1260250 \|ref=none}} \| 0.01%{{cite journal \| vauthors = Riley S, Kwok KO, Wu KM, Ning DY, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, Ho LM, Tsang T, Lo SV, Chu DK, Ma ES, Peiris JS \| title = Epidemiological characteristics of 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza based on paired sera from a longitudinal community cohort study \| journal = PLOS Medicine \| volume = 8 \| issue = 6 \| pages = e1000442 \| date = June 2011 \| pmid = 21713000 \| pmc = 3119689 \| doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000442 \|ref=none \| doi-access = free }}{{cite journal \| vauthors = Wong JY, Kelly H, Ip DK, Wu JT, Leung GM, Cowling BJ \| title = Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review \| journal = Epidemiology \| volume = 24 \| issue = 6 \| pages = 830–41 \| date = November 2013 \| pmid = 24045719 \| pmc = 3809029 \| doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448 \|ref=none}} \|style="background: #ffffcc"\| 1
Typical seasonal fluNot pandemic, but included for comparison purposes. \| Every year \| 7.75 billion \| A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B, ... \| 1.28 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.19–1.37) \| 5–15% (340{{nbsp}}million – 1{{nbsp}}billion){{cite web\|url=http://www.euro.who.int/influenza\|title=WHO Europe – Influenza\|date=June 2009\|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212626/http://www.euro.who.int/influenza\|archive-date=17 June 2009\|access-date=12 June 2009 \|ref=none}} 3–11% or 5–20%{{Cite web\|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/keyfacts.htm\|title=Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)\|date=2019-10-28\|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\|language=en-us\|access-date=2020-03-10 \|ref=none}}{{cite journal \| vauthors = Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C \| title = Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States \| journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases \| volume = 66 \| issue = 10 \| pages = 1511–1518 \| date = May 2018 \| pmid = 29206909 \| pmc = 5934309 \| doi = 10.1093/cid/cix1060 \|ref=none}} (240 million – 1.6 billion) \| 290,000–650,000/year{{cite web\|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal) \|title=Influenza: Fact sheet \|date = 6 November 2018\|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) \|access-date=25 January 2020\| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217001215/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)\| archive-date= 17 December 2019 \| url-status= live \|ref=none}} \| <0.1%{{Cite news\|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/world/37983-h1n1-fatality-rates-comparable-to-seasonal-flu\|title=H1N1 fatality rates comparable to seasonal flu\|date=17 September 2009\|work=The Malaysian Insider\|access-date=26 September 2009\|location=Washington, D.C., US\|agency=Reuters\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020120444/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/world/37983-h1n1-fatality-rates-comparable-to-seasonal-flu\|archive-date=20 October 2009\|url-status=dead \|ref=none}} \|style="background: #ffffcc"\| 1
colspan="9" style="text-align:left;" \| Notes {{Reflist\|group=t}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Major modern influenza pandemics{{cite journal | vauthors = Hilleman MR | title = Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control | journal = Vaccine | volume = 20 | issue = 25–26 | pages = 3068–87 | date = August 2002 | pmid = 12163258 | doi = 10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2 |ref=none}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Potter CW | title = A history of influenza | journal = Journal of Applied Microbiology | volume = 91 | issue = 4 | pages = 572–9 | date = October 2001 | pmid = 11576290 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x | s2cid = 26392163 |ref=none}}

Name

! Date

! World {{abbr|pop.|population}}

! Subtype

! Reproduction number{{cite journal | vauthors = Biggerstaff M, Cauchemez S, Reed C, Gambhir M, Finelli L | title = Estimates of the reproduction number for seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza: a systematic review of the literature | journal = BMC Infectious Diseases | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 480 | date = September 2014 | pmid = 25186370 | pmc = 4169819 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-14-480 |ref=none | doi-access = free }}

! Infected (est.)

! Deaths worldwide

! Case fatality rate

! Pandemic severity

Spanish flu{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills CE, Robins JM, Lipsitch M | title = Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | issue = 7019 | pages = 904–6 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15602562 | doi = 10.1038/nature03063 | pmc = 7095078 | bibcode = 2004Natur.432..904M |ref=none}}

| 1918–20

| 1.80 billion

| H1N1

| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.47–2.27)

| 33% (500{{nbsp}}million){{cite journal | vauthors = Taubenberger JK, Morens DM | title = 1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–22 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16494711 | pmc = 3291398 | doi = 10.3201/eid1201.050979 |ref=none}} or >56% (>1{{nbsp}}billion)

| 17{{cite journal | vauthors = Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J | title = Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 187 | issue = 12 | pages = 2561–2567 | date = December 2018 | pmid = 30202996 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwy191 | pmc = 7314216 |ref=none}}–100{{cite journal | vauthors = Morens DM, Fauci AS | title = The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st century | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 195 | issue = 7 | pages = 1018–28 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17330793 | doi = 10.1086/511989 | url = https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/195/7/1018/800918 |ref=none}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Johnson NP, Mueller J | title = Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918-1920 "Spanish" influenza pandemic | journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine | volume = 76 | issue = 1 | pages = 105–15 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11875246 | doi = 10.1353/bhm.2002.0022 | s2cid = 22974230 |ref=none}}{{nbsp}}million

| 2–3%, or ~4%, or ~10%{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-03-06/why-this-coronavirus-likely-wont-be-as-bad-as-the-1918-pandemic-flu |title=Why the coronavirus outbreak isn't likely to be a repeat of the 1918 Spanish flu| vauthors = Lin II RG, Karlamangla S |date=March 6, 2020|work=Los Angeles Times |ref=none}}

| style="background:#ff6060;"| 5

Asian flu

| 1957–58

| 2.90 billion

| H2N2

| 1.65 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.53–1.70)

| >17% (>500{{nbsp}}million)

| 1–4{{nbsp}}million

| <0.2%{{cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10-en.pdf|title=Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) in relation to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 |date=2011-05-05|page=37|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514145306/http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_10-en.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2015|access-date=1 March 2015 |ref=none}}

|style="background: #ffe775"| 2

Hong Kong flu

| 1968–69

| 3.53 billion

| H3N2

| 1.80 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.56–1.85)

| >14% (>500{{nbsp}}million)

| 1–4{{nbsp}}million

| <0.2%{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwarzmann SW, Adler JL, Sullivan RJ, Marine WM | title = Bacterial pneumonia during the Hong Kong influenza epidemic of 1968-1969 | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 6 | pages = 1037–41 | date = June 1971 | pmid = 5578560 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.1971.00310180053006 |ref=none}}

|style="background: #ffe775"| 2

1977 Russian flu

|1977–79

|4.21 billion

|H1N1

|0.7 million{{cite journal|vauthors=Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J|date=August 2009|title=Novel swine-origin influenza A virus in humans: another pandemic knocking at the door|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5|journal=Medical Microbiology and Immunology|volume=198|issue=3|pages=175–83|doi=10.1007/s00430-009-0118-5|pmid=19543913|s2cid=20496301 |ref=none}}

2009 swine flu pandemic{{cite journal | vauthors = Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM, Greaves FE, Mytton OT, Pebody RG, Yardley IE | title = Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study | journal = BMJ | volume = 339 | pages = b5213 | date = December 2009 | pmid = 20007665 | pmc = 2791802 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.b5213 |ref=none}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/pandemic-global-estimates.htm|title=First Global Estimates of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Mortality Released by CDC-Led Collaboration|date=25 June 2012|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)|access-date=7 July 2012 |ref=none}}

| 2009–10

| 6.85 billion

| H1N1/09

| 1.46 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.30–1.70)

| 11–21% (0.7–1.4 billion){{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly H, Peck HA, Laurie KL, Wu P, Nishiura H, Cowling BJ | title = The age-specific cumulative incidence of infection with pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 was similar in various countries prior to vaccination | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | pages = e21828 | date = 2011-08-05 | pmid = 21850217 | pmc = 3151238 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0021828 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...621828K | doi-access = free |ref=none}}

| 151,700–575,400{{cite journal | vauthors = Dawood FS, Iuliano AD, Reed C, Meltzer MI, Shay DK, Cheng PY, Bandaranayake D, Breiman RF, Brooks WA, Buchy P, Feikin DR, Fowler KB, Gordon A, Hien NT, Horby P, Huang QS, Katz MA, Krishnan A, Lal R, Montgomery JM, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Presanis AM, Razuri H, Steens A, Tinoco YO, Wallinga J, Yu H, Vong S, Bresee J, Widdowson MA | title = Estimated global mortality associated with the first 12 months of 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus circulation: a modelling study | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = 687–95 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22738893 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(12)70121-4 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1260250 |ref=none}}

| 0.01%{{cite journal | vauthors = Riley S, Kwok KO, Wu KM, Ning DY, Cowling BJ, Wu JT, Ho LM, Tsang T, Lo SV, Chu DK, Ma ES, Peiris JS | title = Epidemiological characteristics of 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza based on paired sera from a longitudinal community cohort study | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = e1000442 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21713000 | pmc = 3119689 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000442 |ref=none | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wong JY, Kelly H, Ip DK, Wu JT, Leung GM, Cowling BJ | title = Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review | journal = Epidemiology | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 830–41 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24045719 | pmc = 3809029 | doi = 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182a67448 |ref=none}}

|style="background: #ffffcc"| 1

Typical seasonal fluNot pandemic, but included for comparison purposes.

| Every year

| 7.75 billion

| A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B, ...

| 1.28 (IQR,{{nbsp}}1.19–1.37)

| 5–15% (340{{nbsp}}million – 1{{nbsp}}billion){{cite web|url=http://www.euro.who.int/influenza|title=WHO Europe – Influenza|date=June 2009|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617212626/http://www.euro.who.int/influenza|archive-date=17 June 2009|access-date=12 June 2009 |ref=none}}
3–11% or 5–20%{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/keyfacts.htm|title=Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)|date=2019-10-28|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=2020-03-10 |ref=none}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Tokars JI, Olsen SJ, Reed C | title = Seasonal Incidence of Symptomatic Influenza in the United States | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 66 | issue = 10 | pages = 1511–1518 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29206909 | pmc = 5934309 | doi = 10.1093/cid/cix1060 |ref=none}} (240 million – 1.6 billion)

| 290,000–650,000/year{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal) |title=Influenza: Fact sheet |date = 6 November 2018|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) |access-date=25 January 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191217001215/https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal)| archive-date= 17 December 2019 | url-status= live |ref=none}}

| <0.1%{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/world/37983-h1n1-fatality-rates-comparable-to-seasonal-flu|title=H1N1 fatality rates comparable to seasonal flu|date=17 September 2009|work=The Malaysian Insider|access-date=26 September 2009|location=Washington, D.C., US|agency=Reuters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020120444/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/index.php/world/37983-h1n1-fatality-rates-comparable-to-seasonal-flu|archive-date=20 October 2009|url-status=dead |ref=none}}

|style="background: #ffffcc"| 1

colspan="9" style="text-align:left;" | Notes

Notes

1889–90 flu, People infected (est.) number: please review source. There are two diverging statements: 20–60% vs 60% (45–70%). Which one is more relevant?
For the 1918 flu, people infected numbers (500 million), mortality rate (2~3%) contradict the deaths worldwide "20–100 million" statements. Review needed. Lead: Johnson NPAS, Mueller (2002). "Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918–1920 Spanish Influenza Pandemic".
{{cite journal | vauthors = Kilbourne ED | title = Influenza pandemics of the 20th century | language = en-us | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–14 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16494710 | doi = 10.3201/eid1201.051254 | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | pmc = 3291411}} Considers 1918, 1957, 1968 as pandemics; 1947 (H1N1), 1976 (H1N1), 1977 (H1N1) as pseudopandemics.

References

Category:Infectious disease templates