Ten Wings

{{Short description|Classical Chinese commentaries traditionally attributed to Confucius}}

{{more references|date=July 2013}}

The Ten Wings ({{lang|zh|十翼}} shí yì) is a collection of commentaries ({{lang|zh|傳}} zhuan) to the classical Chinese Book of Changes ({{lang|zh|易經}} Yì jīng) traditionally ascribed to Confucius, though they were likely composed by later scholars.{{Citation |last=Redmond |first=Geoffrey |title=The Ten Wings |date=2014-10-01 |work=Teaching the I Ching (Book of Changes) |pages=0 |editor-last=Redmond |editor-first=Geoffrey |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/8934/chapter-abstract/155245419 |access-date=2024-12-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-976681-9 |last2=Hon |first2=Tze-ki |editor2-last=Hon |editor2-first=Tze-Ki}} These writings represent the earliest known interpretations of the Zhouyi, the Bronze Age divination manual underlying the Book of Changes ({{lang|zh|易經}} Yì jīng). By offering philosophical and moral insights, the Ten Wings transformed the text from a practical guide for divination into a profound treatise on metaphysics, ethics, and cosmology.

The Ten Wings consist of the following commentaries on the Book of Changes ({{lang|zh|易經}} Yì jīng):

1. {{lang|zh|彖傳}} Tuan zhuan, or Commentary on the Judgment, the 1st {{lang|zh|彖上傳}}
2. Tuan zhuan, the 2nd {{lang|zh|彖下傳}}
3. {{lang|zh|象傳}} Xiang zhuan, "Overall Image", the 1st {{lang|zh|象上傳}} (sometimes called Great Xiang {{lang|zh|大象}})
4. Xiang, the 2nd {{lang|zh|象下傳}} (aka Lesser Xiang or Little Images {{lang|zh|小象}})
5. {{lang|zh|繫辭傳}} Xici zhuan, the Commentary on the Appended Phrases, the 1st {{lang|zh|繫辭上傳}}
6. Xici zhuan, the 2nd {{lang|zh|繫辭下傳}} (the two Xi Ci are also called the Great Commentary {{lang|zh|大傳}}, to emphasize their importance)
7. {{lang|zh|文言傳}} Wenyan zhuan, Commentary on the Words
8. {{lang|zh|序卦傳}} Xugua zhuan, the Sequence of the Hexagrams
9. {{lang|zh|說卦傳}} Shuogua zhuan, the Explanation of the Trigrams
10. {{lang|zh|雜卦傳}} Zagua zhuan, the Assorted or Miscellaneous Hexagrams

Doubts concerning Confucius' authorship of the Wings were expressed by Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) and Sima Guang (1019-1086) during the Northern Song dynasty. They were further consolidated by {{ill|Yao Jiheng|zh|姚際恆}} (1647-1715) and Kang Youwei (1858-1927) of the Qing dynasty. The 20th-century sinologists provide argumentation for rejection of the traditional creed.{{cite book |last1=Rutt |first1=Richard |title=The Book of Changes (Zhouyi) |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-7007-1491-X |pages=41-43}}