Tenoxicam
{{Short description|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug}}
{{Infobox drug
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 443408783
| IUPAC_name = (3E)-3-[hydroxy(pyridin-2-ylamino)methylene] -2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-e] [1,2]thiazin-4-one 1,1-dioxide
| image = Tenoxicam FormulaV1.svg
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| tradename =
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|international|tenoxicam}}
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_US =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_AU = S4
| legal_CA =
| legal_UK = POM
| legal_US =
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration = Oral
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound = High
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = 30–140 hours
| excretion =
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 59804-37-4
| ATC_prefix = M01
| ATC_suffix = AC02
| PubChem = 5282194
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00469
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 32192
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4471584
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = Z1R9N0A399
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D01767
| C=13 | H=11 | N=3 | O=4 | S=2
| melting_point = 209
| melting_high = 213
| melting_notes = (dec.)
}}
Tenoxicam, sold under the brand name Mobiflex among others, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It is used to relieve inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis (a type of arthritis involving the spine), tendinitis (inflammation of a tendon), bursitis (inflammation of a bursa, a fluid-filled sac located around joints and near the bones), and periarthritis of the shoulders or hips (inflammation of tissues surrounding these joints).
Tenoxicam belongs to the class of NSAIDs known as oxicams.
It was patented in 1974 by Roche and approved for medical use in 1987.{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery |date=2006 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9783527607495 |page=519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA519 |language=en}} It is available as a prescription-only drug in the United Kingdom and other countries, but not in the US. Outside the United Kingdom, tenoxicam is also marketed under brand names including Tilatil, Tilcitin, and Alganex.{{cite web | work = NHS | url = http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arthritis/pages/selectorshow.aspx?medicine=Tenoxicam | title = Medicines A-Z - Tenoxicam | access-date = July 3, 2015 }}{{cite web | work = Drugs.com | url = https://www.drugs.com/international/tenoxicam.html | title = Drugs.com international listings for Tenoxicam | access-date = July 3, 2015 }}
Contraindications
The drug is contraindicated for patients who are seniors who have been given anesthesia or surgery; are at risk of increased bleeding or kidney failure; have an active inflammatory disease involving the stomach or intestine (like ulcerative colitis); have an active stomach or intestinal ulcer; have had an acute asthmatic attack, hives, rhinitis (inflammation of the inner lining of the nasal passage), or other allergic reactions caused by aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen).NHS [http://medguides.medicines.org.uk/nhs/medicine.aspx?name=Tenoxicam&use=Soft%20tissue%20injury&preparation=2§ion=suitability Patient warnings] Page accessed July 3, 2015{{Cite web|title = Mobiflex Tablets 20mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC) - (eMC)|url = https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/22684#ORIGINAL|website = www.medicines.org.uk|access-date = 2015-12-07}}
Common side effects that have been observed with tenoxicam include peptic ulceration, dyspepsia, nausea, constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, rash, headache, edema, renal failure, and vertigo.Tilcotil. (2010). New Zealand Consumer Medicine Information. http://www.medsafe.govt.nz/consumers/cmi/t/tilcotil.pdf In rare cases, tenoxicam and other NSAIDs can contribute to thrombotic events, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.{{cite journal | vauthors = Mockenhaupt M, Viboud C, Dunant A, Naldi L, Halevy S, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Sidoroff A, Schneck J, Roujeau JC, Flahault A | display-authors = 6 | title = Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: assessment of medication risks with emphasis on recently marketed drugs. The EuroSCAR-study | journal = The Journal of Investigative Dermatology | volume = 128 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–44 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 17805350 | doi = 10.1038/sj.jid.5701033 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Harr T, French LE | title = Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome | journal = Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 39 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21162721 | pmc = 3018455 | doi = 10.1186/1750-1172-5-39 | doi-access = free }}{{cite web | title = Assessment report for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and cardiovascular risk. | date = 18 October 2012 | publisher = European Medicines Agency | url = http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Report/2012/11/WC500134717.pdf }}
=Pregnancy and breastfeeding=
It is not recommended that women who are trying to conceive, who are pregnant, or who are breastfeeding take tenoxicam. Tenoxicam can be taken in the first and second trimester when necessary, but it is a contraindication in the third trimester. Some studies have looked at whether or not NSAIDs are able to enter the breast milk and the first few studies have found evidence that NSAIDs can be found in breast milk. Therefore, it is not recommended that women take tenoxicam while breastfeeding.
Interactions
Taking tenoxicam with other drugs can increase the chance of side effects or alter the therapeutic effect of tenoxicam or the other drug, depending on the combination. Drug types the tenoxicam may interact with include: other analgesic NSAIDs, salicylates such as aspirin, antacids, anticoagulants, cardiac glycosides, ciclosporin, quinolone antibiotics, lithium therapy, diuretics and anti-hypertensives, methotrexate, oral anti-diabetics, colestyramine, dextromethorphan, mifepristone, corticosteroids, anti-platelet agents and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tacrolimus, zidovudine, and gold/penicillamine.
Mechanism of action
Like all NSAIDs, the exact mechanism of action of tenoxicam is unknown.{{Dubious|date=July 2017}} Involved in the mechanism of action is inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) which leads to the potential adverse effect of increased bleeding.{{Cite web|title = Incepta Pharmaceuticals {{!}} Product details|url = http://www.inceptapharma.com/view-product.php?pid=540|website = www.inceptapharma.com|access-date = 2015-12-07}}
Society and culture
Tenoxicam is sold in the form of 20 mg tablets with the price of treatment ranging from US$1.29–2.73 per tablet.{{Cite web|title = Tenoxicam 20 mg Price Comparisons - Online Pharmacies and Discount Coupons|url = http://www.pharmacychecker.com/generic/price-comparison/tenoxicam/20+mg/|website = www.pharmacychecker.com|access-date = 2015-12-07}} Recommended dosing calls for tenoxicam to be taken once daily with food. One week is the typical length for treatment, but the treatment length may be extended.
In 2008, the reported sales level for Tilcotil (tenoxicam) was 70 million SEK (approximately US$10.5 million).{{Cite web|title = Exchange Rate Average (Swedish Krona, US Dollar) - X-Rates|url = http://www.x-rates.com/average/?from=SEK&to=USD&amount=1&year=2008|website = www.x-rates.com|access-date = 2015-12-07}}
Research
The first members of the oxicam family of NSAIDs were brought to market in France in 1982.{{cite journal | vauthors = Penso D, Roujeau JC, Guillaume JC, Revuz J, Touraine R | title = Toxic epidermal necrolysis after oxicam use | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology | volume = 14 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 275–276 | date = February 1986 | pmid = 3485122 | doi = 10.1016/s0190-9622(86)80342-5 }} Shortly thereafter, tenoxicam went to phase III clinical trials for approval as use as an analgesic began in the 1980s. The general consensus from clinical studies is that tenoxicam has about equal analgesic effect as other NSAIDs and does not elicit any important side effects. More recent clinical trials for tenoxicam are examining the use of tenoxicam independently and in combination with other drugs for more specialized analgesic purposes in surgical operations such as third molar extraction and labor pains.{{Cite web|title = Search of: tenoxicam - List Results - ClinicalTrials.gov|url = https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=tenoxicam&Search=Search|website = www.clinicaltrials.gov|access-date = 2015-12-07}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Ilhan O, Agacayak KS, Gulsun B, Koparal M, Gunes N | title = A comparison of the effects of methylprednisolone and tenoxicam on pain, edema, and trismus after impacted lower third molar extraction | journal = Medical Science Monitor | volume = 20 | pages = 147–152 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24473372 | pmc = 3915002 | doi = 10.12659/MSM.890239 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Mathias Filho AP, Sidi A | title = Long-term study with Ro 12-0068 (tenoxicam) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis | journal = European Journal of Rheumatology and Inflammation | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 3–8 | date = 1985 | pmid = 3915886 }}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Anti-inflammatory and antirheumatic products}}
{{Prostanoid signaling modulators}}