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Tenthredinidae

{{Short description|Family of sawflies}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Tenthredopsis sordida female.jpg

| image_caption = Female Tenthredopsis sordida

| taxon = Tenthredinidae

| authority = Latreille, 1802{{sfn|Liston et al|2014}}

| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies

| subdivision =

Allantinae

Blennocampinae

Heterarthrinae

Nematinae

Selandriinae - (includes Dolerinae)

Susaninae

Tenthredininae

| type_genus = Tenthredo

}}

File:Xenapates larvae and pupae.jpg larvae and pupae]]

Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, with well over 7,500 species worldwide,{{cite journal|last1=Davis|first1=Robert B|last2=Baldauf|first2=Sandra L|last3=Mayhew|first3=Peter J|title=The origins of species richness in the Hymenoptera: insights from a family-level supertree|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=10|issue=1|year=2010|pages=109|issn=1471-2148|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-109|pmid=20423463|pmc=2873417 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..109D |doi-access=free }} divided into 430 genera. Larvae are herbivores and typically feed on the foliage of trees and shrubs, with occasional exceptions that are leaf miners, stem borers, or gall makers. The larvae of externally feeding species resemble small caterpillars. As with all hymenopterans, common sawflies undergo complete metamorphosis.

The family has no easily seen diagnostic features, though the combination of five to nine antennal flagellomeres plus a clear separation of the first abdominal tergum from the metapleuron can reliably separate them. These sawflies are often black or brown, and 3 to 20 mm long. Like other sawflies, they lack the slender "wasp-waist", or petiole, between the thorax and abdomen, characteristic of many hymenopterans. The mesosoma and the metasoma are instead broadly joined. The Tenthredinidae are also often somewhat dorsoventrally flattened, which will distinguish them at least from the slender cephids (which, together with the common sawflies, comprise many of the Nearctic species of Symphyta).

Females use their saw-like ovipositors to cut slits through barks of twigs, into which translucent eggs are wedged, which damages the trees. They are common in meadows, and in forest glades near rapid streams. Adults eat little, while larvae feed on foliage of streamside trees and shrubs, especially willow.

A number of species and genera have been described from the fossil record such as Eriocampa tulameenensis and Pseudosiobla campbelli of British Columbia.{{Cite journal |author=Rice, H.M.A. |title=Two Tertiary sawflies, (Hymenoptera – Tenthredinidae), from British Columbia |journal=Geological Survey of Canada |year=1968 |volume=67 |issue=59 |pages=1–21}}

Life cycle of ''[[Cladius difformis]]''

File:Cladius difformis larva.jpg|Larva

File:Cladius difformis pupa dorsal.jpg|Pupa, dorsal view

File:Cladius difformis pupa ventral.jpg|Pupa, ventral view

File:Cladius difformis female.jpg|Female

File:Cladius difformis male.jpg|Male

File:Пилильщик зеленый.Rhogogaster.jpg sp.]]

File:Sawfly (Macrophya annulata), Parc de Woluwé, Brussels (27877822680).jpg, Brussels]]

File:Sawfly.8701.07.w.jpg larvae on dogwood, Cornus sp.]]

Taxonomy

The Tenthredinidae are divided into seven subfamilies. Of the 430 genera, nine contain more than 50 species.

= Subfamilies and genera =

Subfamilies and genera within this family include:[http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/hymenoptera/symphyta/tenthredinoidea/tenthredinidae/index.html Funet]

{{div col|colwidth=17em}}

{{Div col end}}

= Phylogeny =

Of these subfamilies, Tenthredininae and Allantinae are sister groups, and together form a sister group to the Nematinae.{{sfn|Song et al|2016}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin|30em}}

  • {{cite book|last1=Asaro|first1=Christopher|title=Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)|pages=3250–3252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA3250|isbn=9781402062421|date=2008-08-11|publisher=Springer }}, in {{harvtxt|Capinera|2008}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Boevé|first1=Jean-Luc|title=Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)|pages=3252–3257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC&pg=PA3252|ref={{harvid|Asaro|2008}}|isbn=9781402062421|date=2008-08-11|publisher=Springer }}, in {{harvtxt|Capinera|2008}}
  • {{cite book|editor-last=Capinera|editor-first=John L.|title=Encyclopedia of Entomology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQC|date=2008|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=978-1-4020-6242-1|edition=2nd}}
  • {{cite web|last1=Blank|first1=S.M.|last2=Groll|first2=E.K.|last3=Liston|first3=A.D.|last4=Prous|first4=M.|last5=Taeger|first5=A.|title=ECatSym - Electronic World Catalog of Symphyta (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Program version 4.0 beta, data version 39|url=http://sdei.senckenberg.de/ecatsym/|publisher=Digital Entomological Information|location=Müncheberg|date=2012}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Blank|first1=S.M.|last2=Taeger|first2=A.|title=Comments on the taxonomy of Symphyta (Hymenoptera)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264310759|pages=141–174|date=1998}}, in Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) Kommentierte Bestandsaufname. Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Goecke& Evers, Keltern.
  • {{cite book|editor1-last=Goulet|editor1-first=Henri|editor2-last=Huber|editor2-first=John T.|title=Hymenoptera of the world: An identification guide to families|date=1993|publisher=Agriculture Canada|location=Ottawa|isbn=978-0-660-14933-2|url=http://www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmonographs/hymenoptera_of_the_world.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012733/http://www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmonographs/hymenoptera_of_the_world.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-05}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Liston|first1=Andrew|last2=Knight|first2=Guy|last3=Sheppard|first3=David|last4=Broad|first4=Gavin|last5=Livermore|first5=Laurence|title=Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Sawflies, 'Symphyta'|journal=Biodiversity Data Journal|date=29 August 2014|volume=2|issue=2|pages=e1168|doi=10.3897/BDJ.2.e1168|pmid=25197241|pmc=4152835|ref={{harvid|Liston et al|2014}} |doi-access=free }}
  • {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David R|title=Nearctic sawflies I. Blennocampinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)|date=September 1969|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|location=Washington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30kYuOzB6NgC|access-date=7 September 2016|format=Technical Bulletin 1397}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David R|title=Nearctic sawflies II.Selandriinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)|date=September 1969|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|location=Washington|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPWmdYy0ozgC|access-date=8 September 2016|format=Technical Bulletin 1398}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David R|title=Nearctic sawflies III. Heterarthrinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)|date=January 1971|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|location=Washington|url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=CAT87201390&cotent=PDF|access-date=7 September 2016|format=Technical Bulletin 1420}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David R|title=Nearctic sawflies IV. Allantinae: Adults and larvae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)|date=June 1979|publisher=US Department of Agriculture|location=Washington|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260438027|access-date=30 August 2016|format=Technical Bulletin 1595}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=David R|title=A Synopsis of the Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) of America South of the United States: Tenthredinidae (Nematinae, Heterarthrinae, Tenthredininae)|journal=Transactions of the American Entomological Society|date=March 2003|volume=129|issue=1|pages=1–45|jstor=25078795}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Song|first1=Sheng-Nan|last2=Tang|first2=Pu|last3=Wei|first3=Shu-Jun|last4=Chen|first4=Xue-Xin|title=Comparative and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes in basal hymenopterans|journal=Scientific Reports|date=16 February 2016|volume=6|pages=20972|doi=10.1038/srep20972|ref={{harvid|Song et al|2016}}|pmid=26879745|pmc=4754708| bibcode=2016NatSR...620972S }}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Skvarla|first1=Michael|last2=Smith|first2=David|last3=Fisher|first3=Danielle|last4=Dowling|first4=Ashley|title=Terrestrial arthropods of Steel Creek, Buffalo National River, Arkansas. II. Sawflies (Insecta: Hymenoptera: " Symphyta ")|journal=Biodiversity Data Journal|date=9 May 2016|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e8830|doi=10.3897/BDJ.4.e8830|ref={{harvid|Skvarla et al|2016}}|pmid=27222635|pmc=4867044 |doi-access=free }}

{{Refend}}

External links

{{Wikispecies}}

{{Commons category|Tenthredinidae}}

  • [http://www.hymis.info/topical/topical.php?language=eng Hymis de] Image gallery

{{Hymenoptera|1}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1280932}}

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Category:Sawfly families

Category:Insect pests of temperate forests

Category:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille