Tephritoidea

File:Euleia heraclei (Celery Fly or Hogweed Picturewing) - Flickr - S. Rae.jpg (Tephritidae), showing the patterned wings]]

Tephritoidea are generally rather hairy flies with setae weakly differentiated. They have the following synapomorphies: male tergum 6 strongly reduced or absent; surstylus or medial surstylus with toothlike prensisetae (in Piophilidae only in one genus); female sterna 4-6 with anterior rodlike apodemes; female tergosternum 7 consisting of two portions, the anterior forming a tubular oviscape and the posterior consisting of two pairs of longitudinal taeniae.{{Cite book |last=Korneyev |first=V. A. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304404890 |title=Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior |date=1999 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=0-8493-1275-2 |editor-last=Aluja |editor-first=M. |pages=3–22 |chapter=Phylogenetic relationships among the families of the superfamily Tephritoidea |oclc=48652104 |editor-last2=Norrborn |editor-first2=A. L.}}

In most Tephritoidea, the anal cell of a wing has a characteristic shape: the anal crossvein is indented while the cell's outer posterior angle is produced into an acute lobe. The exceptions to this rule are Platystomatidae and some Tephritidae, Ulidiidae (=Otitidae), and Pyrgotidae.{{Cite journal |last=McAlpine |first=David K. |date=1973-07-02 |title=The Australian Platystomatidae (Diptera, Schizophora) with a revision of five genera |journal=Australian Museum Memoir |volume=15 |pages=1–256 |doi=10.3853/j.0067-1967.15.1973.454 |issn=0067-1967|doi-access=free }}

Many tephritoid families have spots or patterns on their wings. These are Pallopteridae,{{Cite web |title=Family Pallopteridae - Flutter Flies |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/12755 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=bugguide.net}} Platystomatidae,{{Cite web |title=Signal Fly - Family Platystomatidae |url=https://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_acalyptrata/ScarabFly.htm |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.brisbaneinsects.com}} Pyrgotidae,{{Cite journal |last=Korneyev |first=V. A. |date=2004 |title=Genera of Palaearctic Pyrgotidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata), with Nomenclatural Notes and a Key |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273280672 |journal=Vestnik Zoologii |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=19–46}} Richardiidae,{{Cite journal |last1=Wendt |first1=Lisiane Dilli |last2=Ale-Rocha |first2=Rosaly |date=2016-06-14 |title=FAMILY RICHARDIIDAE |url=http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4122.1.49 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4122 |issue=1 |pages=585–595 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.49 |pmid=27395297 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }} Tephritidae{{Cite web |title=Family Tephritidae - Fruit Flies |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/7017 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=bugguide.net}} and Ulidiidae.{{Cite journal |last1=Lomonosov Moscow State University |last2=Galinskaya |first2=T.V. |last3=Khaghaninia |first3=S. |last4=University of Tabriz |last5=Gharajedaghi |first5=Y. |last6=University of Tabriz |date=2012 |title=A contribution to the fauna of Ulidiidae and Otitidae (Diptera) of Iran |url=http://www.ssc-ras.ru/files/files/30_%20Galinskaya.pdf |journal=Caucasian Entomological Bulletin |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=342–345 |doi=10.23885/1814-3326-2012-8-2-342-345}}

Tephritoidea includes plant pests in the families Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae and Ulidiidae.{{Citation |last=Uchoa |first=M. A. |title=Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control |date=2012-02-24 |url=http://www.intechopen.com/books/integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics/fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n |work=Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics |editor-last=Soloneski |editor-first=Sonia |publisher=InTech |language=en |doi=10.5772/31613 |isbn=978-953-51-0050-8 |access-date=2022-06-21|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Garcia |first1=Flavio R. M. |last2=Norrbom |first2=Allen L. |date=2011 |title=Tephritoid flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea) and their plant hosts from the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Tephritoid+flies+%28Diptera%2C+Tephritoidea%29+and+their+plant+hosts+from+the+state+of+Santa+Catarina+in+southern+Brazil&author=Garcia%2C+Flavio+R.M.&publication_year=2011 |journal=Florida Entomologist |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=151–157 |doi=10.1653/024.094.0205 |s2cid=86617692 |language=English |issn=0015-4040|doi-access=free }} In these pest species, adult females lay their eggs on plant tissues, which hatch into larvae that begin feeding. However, Tephritoidea also includes parasitoids (Ctenostylidae, Pyrgotidae and the tephritid subfamily Tachiniscinae) and saprophages that feed on decaying plants (subfamily Phytalmiinae and some Lonchaeidae).

Tephritoidea is a monophyletic superfamily that can be divided into two also-monophyletic groups: the Piophilidae Family Group (Pallopteridae, Circumphallidae, Lonchaeidae, Piophilidae and Eurygnathomyiidae) and the Tephritidae Family Group (Richardiidae, Ulidiidae, Platystomatidae, Tephritidae, Ctenostylidae and Pyrgotidae).

The first Tephritoidea are believed to have evolved in the mid-Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago.

• {{cite web |title=Tephritoidea |work=Atlas of Living Australia |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:e0298c50-228a-4a05-93c1-d6ee5b0a548f}}
• The Diptera Site: [https://web.archive.org/web/20100709050806/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/diptera/tephriti/TephPhyl.htm Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Phylogeny]

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Category:Diptera superfamilies