Terêna language
{{Expand Portuguese|Língua terena|date=May 2022}}
{{Short description|Arawakan language of Brazil}}{{Distinguish|TERENA}}{{Infobox language
| name = Terêna
| nativename =
| states = Brazil
| ethnicity = Terena people
| speakers = {{sigfig|15800|2}}
| date = 2006
| ref = e18
| familycolor = arawakan
| fam1 = Arawakan
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = Bolivia–Parana
| iso2 = ter
| lc2 = gqn
| lc1 = ter
| ld1 = Terena
| lc3 = caj
| ld3 = Chané
| glotto = tere1279
| glottorefname = Terena-Kinikinao-Chane
| region = Mato Grosso do Sul
| ELP2 = 509
| ELPname2 = Guana (Brazil)
| altname = Etelena
}}
Terêna or Etelena is spoken by 15,000 Brazilians. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ter_book-2|title=Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1|last1=Butler|first1=Nancy Evelyn|last2=Ekdahl|first2=Elizabeth Muriel|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1979|language=pt}} Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
Terêna has an active–stative syntaxAikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999. and verb-object-subject as default word order.{{cite book |last1=Rosa |first1=Andréa |title=Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) |date=2010 |pages=71–72 |url=https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%c3%a9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf |access-date=2024-05-26 |archive-date=2024-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513145547/https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%C3%A9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf |url-status=live }}
Varieties
Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages. Aikhenvald 1999 Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.{{Cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=Fernando |date=2016-03-10 |title=Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language:: setting the record straight on southern Arawak linguistic diversity |url=http://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8646165 |journal=LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas |language=pt |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=39–57 |doi=10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165 |issn=2177-7160}} Only Terena proper is still spoken.
Language contact
Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. Anthropological Linguistics. As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. "[https://www.academia.edu/36293525/Carvalho._2018._Arawakan-Guaicuruan_Language_Contact_in_the_South_American_Chaco._International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics_84_2_243-263 Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021617/https://www.academia.edu/36293525/Carvalho._2018._Arawakan-Guaicuruan_Language_Contact_in_the_South_American_Chaco._International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics_84_2_243-263 |date=2023-06-13 }}." International Journal of American Linguistics 84, no. 2 (April 2018): 243-263. {{doi|10.1086/696198}}
There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.Carvalho, Fernando O. de. [https://www.academia.edu/35772560/Carvalho._to_appear._Tupi-Guarani_Loanwords_in_Southern_Arawak_Taking_Contact_Etymologies_Seriously Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021616/https://www.academia.edu/35772560/Carvalho._to_appear._Tupi-Guarani_Loanwords_in_Southern_Arawak_Taking_Contact_Etymologies_Seriously |date=2023-06-13 }}.
Phonology
= Consonants =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" | |
| rowspan="2" |Plosive
!voiceless |{{IPA link|p}} |{{IPA link|t}} |({{IPA link|tʃ}}) |{{IPA link|k}} |{{IPA link|ʔ}} |
|---|
| prenasal
|{{IPA link|ᵐb}} |{{IPA link|ⁿd}} | |{{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} | |
| rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless | |{{IPA link|s}} |{{IPA link|ʃ}} | |{{IPA link|h}} |
| prenasal
| |{{IPA link|ⁿz}} |{{IPA link|ⁿʒ}} | | |
| colspan="2" |Nasal
|{{IPA link|m}} |{{IPA link|n}} |({{IPA link|ɲ}}) | | |
| colspan="2" |Tap
| |{{IPA link|ɾ}} | | | |
| colspan="2" |Lateral
| |{{IPA link|l}} |({{IPA link|ʎ}}) | | |
| colspan="2" |Approximant
|{{IPA link|w}} ~ {{IPA link|v}} | |{{IPA link|j}} | | |
/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].{{Cite book|last=Silva|first=Denise|title=Estudo Lexicografico da Lingua Terena|publisher=Araraquara: Universidade estadual paulista julio de mesquita filho|year=2013}}
= Vowels =
| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! !Back |
| High
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} {{IPA link|iː}} |({{IPA link|ɨ}}) |{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} {{IPA link|uː}} |
|---|
| rowspan="2" |Mid
|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} {{IPA link|eː}} | |{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} {{IPA link|oː}} |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}}
| |{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}} |
| Low
| |{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} {{IPA link|aː}} | |
[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.{{Cite book|title=Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena|last=Nascimento|first=Gardênia|year=2012|location=Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Languages of Brazil}}
{{Arawakan languages}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Terena Language}}
Category:Indigenous languages of the South American Cone
{{Arawakan-lang-stub}}