Tetropium fuscum

Brown spruce longhorn beetle is native to Continental Europe and parts of Asia has been recorded in the following countries: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland Turkey and Ukraine {{cite web |url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-pests-invasive-species/directives/risk-management/brown-spruce-longhorn-beetle-tetropium-fuscum-/eng/1410452600838/1410452669090 |title=Pest Risk Management Decision Document – Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle (Tetropium fuscum) |accessdate=17 May 2018 |last=Canada Food Inspection Agency |author-link=Canada Food Inspection Agency |date=2014 |publisher=Canada Food Inspection Agency}}

Brown spruce longhorn beetle was found breeding in Rannoch Forest in Scotland in 2015, the first record of this species in Great Britain.{{cite journal| last =Mendel | first =H | title =Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) (Cerambycidae) breeding in Rannoch Forest, Mid Perth | journal =The Coleopterist | volume =24 | pages =143–144 | date =2015 }} The beetle was later identified at two other sites in Scotland, and there are also scattered reports from England.{{cite web |url=https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/phiw/riskRegister/downloadExternalPra.cfm?id=4142 |title= Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for Tetropium fuscum|accessdate=16 May 2018 |last=Tuffen |first=Melanie |date=2018 |publisher=Defra}} The collection of insects at the Hunterian Museum was reviewed, and a brown spruce longhorn beetle collected in Roslin in 1986 was discovered. Potentially brown spruce longhorn beetle may have been breeding in the UK for thirty years or more.

Brown spruce longhorn beetle is an invasive species in Canada. It was first identified in 1999 in Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia.{{cite web |url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/brown-spruce-longhorn-beetle/question-and-answers/eng/1330664011747/1330664223848 |title=Questions and Answers |accessdate=19 May 2018 |date=2016 |publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency}}{{cite journal| last1 =Smith | first1 =G | last2= Hurley | first2 = JE |title =First North American Record of the Palearctic Species Tetropium fuscum (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)| journal =The Coleopterists Bulletin | volume =54 | issue = 4| pages =540 | date =2000 | doi = 10.1649/0010-065X(2000)054[0540:FNAROT]2.0.CO;2}} A review of specimens collected in the park in 1990 found that those labelled as the native species Tetropium cinnamopterum were Tetropium fuscum.{{cite web |url=https://tidcf.nrcan.gc.ca/en/insects/factsheet/1000096 |title=Brown spruce longhorn beetle |accessdate=19 May 2018 |date=2015 |publisher=Natural Resources Canada}} A single adult brown spruce longhorn was found in a trap in Westmorland County, New Brunswick.{{cite web |url=http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-pests-invasive-species/insects/brown-spruce-longhorn-beetle/notice-to-industry-2014-07-17-/eng/1404941283317/1404941284614 |title=Notice to Industry - Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle detected in New Brunswick |accessdate=19 May 2018 |date=17 July 2014 |publisher=Canadian Food Inspection Agency}} Brown spruce longhorn beetle was probably introduced to Nova Scotia on wood packaging material imported into the Port of Halifax.{{cite web |url=http://www.maine.gov/dacf/mfs/forest_health/documents/brown_spruce_longhorned_beetle.pdf |title=BROWN SPRUCE LONGHORNED BEETLE |accessdate=19 May 2018 |last=Maine Forest Service |author-link=Maine Forest Service |date=2011 |publisher=Maine Department of Conservation}}

The larvae of brown spruce longhorn beetle are woodboring. Larvae of this beetle have been recorded infesting several different species of spruce including: black spruce, blue spruce, Norway spruce, red spruce, Sitka spruce and white spruce as well as Scot's pine.

Adult beetles emerge in the spring and summer months and will mate soon after emergence. The adult male beetles release an aggregation phremone called fuscumol,{{cite journal| last1 =Sweeny | first1 =JD | last2 =Silk|first2 =PJ|last3 =Gutowski|first3 = JM|last4 =Wu|first4 = J|last5 =Lemay|first5 =MA|last6 =Mayo|first6 =PD|last7 =Magee|first7 = DI|title =Effect of Chirality, Release Rate, and Host Volatiles on Response of Tetropium fuscum (F.), Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby, and Tetropium castaneum (L.) to the Aggregation Pheromone, Fuscumol | journal =Journal of Chemical Ecology | volume =36 | issue =12 | pages =1309–1321 | date =2010 | doi = 10.1007/s10886-010-9876-1| pmid =21046204 | bibcode =2010JCEco..36.1309S | s2cid =22184595 }} which will attract other brown spruce longhorn beetles to their location. After mating, females will select a suitable host tree for egg laying. Eggs may be laid on either standing trees or recently felled timber, with eggs laid on the bark. Larvae hatch out and bore into the phloem of the wood where they will feed until they pupate the next spring and then emerge as adults.

In its European range, brown spruce longhorn beetle infests dead and dying trees, or recently felled timber. This infestation may occasionally lead to the death of diseased or stressed trees that may otherwise have recovered., and it is considered to sometimes be damaging to trees in Europe.{{cite book| last1 =Lieutier | first1 =Francoise | title =Bark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe, A Synthesis | publisher =Springer Science & Business Media | date =2007 | pages =570 | isbn =9781402022418 }} In Canada, the pest initially appeared to be more aggressive and able to infest healthy red spruce trees, with larval galleries girdling the stem and killing the tree.{{cite conference |title=Radial Growth Rate and Susceptibility of Picea rubens Sarg. to Tetropium fuscum (Fabr.) |last1=O'Leary |first1=K |last2=Hurley |first2=JE |last3=Mackay |first3=W|last4=Sweeney|first4=J|date=2003 |publisher=USDA |book-title=Proceedings Ecology, Survey and Management of Forest Insects |location=107-114 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.893.1517}} Though research showed that infested trees in Canada are of reduced vigour, and that larvae have a very low survival rate on healthy trees.{{cite journal| last1 =Flaherty | first1 =L | last2 =Quiring | first2 =D | last3 =Pureswaran| first3 =D |last4 =Sweeney | first4 =J | title =Evaluating Seasonal Variation in Bottom-Up and Top-Down Forces and Their Impact on an Exotic Wood Borer, Tetropium fuscum (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). | journal =Environmental Entomology | volume =42 | issue =5 | pages =957–966 | doi = 10.1603/EN13043| pmid =24073794 | year =2013 | s2cid =29039226 }}

Brown spruce longhorn may introduce blue stain fungi when it infested trees or logs, which can reduce the value of timber.{{cite journal| last1 =Jankowiak | first1 =R | last2 = Kolařík | first2 =M | title =Diversity and pathogenicity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Tetropium species colonizing Picea abies in Poland | journal =Folia Microbiologica | volume =55 | issue =2 | pages =145–154 | date =2010 | doi = 10.1007/s12223-010-0022-9| pmid =20490757 | s2cid =7490893 }}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://wiki.bugwood.org/Tetropium_fuscum Tetropium fuscum]. BugwoodWiki.
• [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/terrestrial/invertebrates/brown-spruce-longhorned-beetle Species Profile: Brown Spruce Longhorned Beetle (Tetropium fuscum)], National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library

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Category:Spondylidinae

Category:Beetles described in 1787

Category:Insect pests of temperate forests

Category:Beetles of Europe

Category:Beetles of Asia