Text comics

{{short description|Oldest form of comics, where the stories are told in captions below the images}}

File:Toepffer Cryptogame 13.png, an early example of a text comic. Notice the text underneath the images]]

Text comics or a text comic is a form of comics where the stories are told in captions below the images and without the use of speech balloons. It is the oldest form of comics and was especially dominant in European comics from the 19th century{{cite web|url=http://www.imageandnarrative.be/inarchive/painting/pascal_levevre.htm |title=Image and Narrative – Article |publisher=Imageandnarrative.be |access-date=2015-11-18}} until the 1950s, after which it gradually lost popularity in favor of comics with speech balloons.

Definition

A text comic is published as a series of illustrations that can be read as a continuous story. However, within the illustrations themselves no text is used: no speech balloons, no onomatopoeias, no written indications to explain where the action takes place or how much time has passed. In order to understand what is happening in the drawings the reader has to read the captions below each image, where the story is written out in the same style as a novel.

Much like other comics text comics were pre-published in newspapers and weekly comics magazines as a continuous story, told in daily or weekly episodes. When published in book format the comics were sometimes published as actual illustrated novels. In some cases the original text was kept, but only a few drawings were used as illustrations, rather than the entire comic. In the Netherlands text comics were published in small rectangular books, called oblong books, due to the shape of the books.

History

Text comics are older than balloon comics. Ancient Egyptian wall paintings with hieroglyphs explaining the images are the oldest predecessors. In the late 17th century and early 19th century picture narratives were popular in Western Europe, such as Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (1633) by Jacques Callot, History of the Hellish Popish Plot (1682) by Francis Barlow, the cartoons of William Hogarth, Thomas Rowlandson and George Cruikshank.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RFaCgAAQBAJ&q=comic+captions+told+below+the+illustrations&pg=PA132 |title=Transforming Anthony Trollope: Dispossession, Victorianism and Nineteenth ... |author=Laurence Grove |page=132 |date=13 August 2015 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=9789462700413 |access-date=2015-11-18}} These images provided visual stories which often placed captions below the images to explain a moral message.

The earliest examples of text comics are the Swiss comics series Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois (1827) by Rodolphe Töpffer, the French comics Les Travaux d'Hercule (1847), Trois artistes incompris et mécontents (1851), Les Dés-agréments d'un voyage d'agrément (1851) and L'Histoire de la Sainte Russie (1854) by Gustave Doré, the German Max und Moritz (1866) by Wilhelm Busch and the British Ally Sloper (1867) by Charles Henry Ross and Émilie de Tessier. Töpffer often put considerable effort in the narrative captions of his graphic narratives, which made them just as distinctive and appealing as the drawings. Wilhelm Busch used rhyming couplets in his captions.

During the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century text comics were the dominant form in Europe. In the United States of America the speech balloon made its entry in comics with 1895's The Yellow Kid by Richard F. Outcault. Frederick Burr Opper's Happy Hooligan and Alphonse and Gaston further popularized the technique. As speech balloons asked for less text to read and had the advantage of linking the dialogues directly to the characters who were speaking or thinking, they allowed readers to connect better with the stories. By the early 1900s most American newspaper comics had switched to the speech balloon format.

While speech balloon comics became the norm in the United States, the format didn't always catch on as well in the rest of the world. In Mexico and Argentina speech balloons were adapted very quickly, while in Europe they remained a rarity until deep in the 1920s. In other parts of Europe, most notably the Netherlands, text comics even remained dominant as late as the early 1960s. Many European moral guardians looked down upon on comics as low-brow entertainment that made the youth too lazy to read. Christian comics magazines and newspapers closely supervised the content of their publications and preferred text comics, as the format still encouraged children to read actual written texts. They were also ideal to adapt classic novels and guide young readers towards "real" literature. In some instances foreign balloon comics were simply re-adapted by erasing the balloons and adding captions underneath them. It even happened with the European Tintin in the Land of the Soviets (1929) by Hergé, which was republished in the French magazine Coeurs Vaillants, but with captions. Other comics, like Pip, Squeak and Wilfred by Bertram Lamb, used both speech balloons and captions. Under the Nazi, Fascist and Communist regimes in Western and/or Eastern Europe balloon comics were even banned in favor of comics with captions underneath them.

The success of The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé from 1929 on, influenced many other European comics, especially in the Franco-Belgian comics market, to adapt speech balloons. Translations of popular American comics such as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Popeye throughout the 1930s and especially after the liberation of Europe in 1945 further encouraged the speech balloon format. By the 1960s text comics had lost popularity worldwide and only a few remained.{{fact|date=May 2022}}

Classic text comics

=Europe=

==Belgium==

L' Aventure des Belges/België in Beeld by Louis Haché and Georges H. Dumont.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hache_louis.htm|title=Louis Haché|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Les aventures de "Tim" l'écureuil au Far-West by Hergé.{{cite web|url=http://www.swapmeetdave.com/Herge/Fred-and-Mile/fred-mile.htm|title=Fred et Mile, Tom et Milie, Tim the Squirrel Out West by Herge (Tintin). Lesser comic strips, 1931 - 1932. English translations!|website=Swapmeetdave.com|access-date=13 August 2018}}
The Adventures of Totor by Hergé.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/herge.htm|title=Hergé|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Bert, de Lustige Trekker by Willy Vandersteen.Durnez, Erik, "Willy Vandersteen in: ik vier het elke dag, 65", Standaard Uitgeverij, 1978.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/vandersteen.htm|title=Willy Vandersteen|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Flup, Nénesse, Poussette et Cochonnet by Hergé (combined text below the images with speech ballons).{{Cite web |url=http://www.bellier.org/flup%201928/vue1.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007153328/http://www.bellier.org/flup%201928/vue1.htm |url-status=dead }}
Jonas en de Wonderwinkel by Gommaar Timmermans, aka GoT.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/got.htm|title=GoT|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Het Kerkelijk Jaar in Beeld by Jozef 'Jos' Speybrouck.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/speybrouck_jos.htm|title=Jos Speybrouck|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
M. Coremans au tir national (1861) by Félicien Rops.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rops_felicien.htm|title=Félicien Rops|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
De Avonturen van Neus by Marc Sleen.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/sleen.htm|title=Marc Sleen|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Neuske by Marc Sleen.
Peerke Sorgeloos by Willy Vandersteen.
Victor Sébastopol by Hubuc{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hubuc.htm|title=Hubuc|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} and Jacques Devos.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/devos_j.htm|title=Jacques Devos|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}

==Bulgaria==

Vesel Putniks Balon by Vadim Lazarkevich{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lazarkevich_vadim.htm|title=Vadim Lazarkevich|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}

==Denmark==

Lise og Lasse by Henning Dahl Mikkelsen, aka Mik,{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mik.htm|title = Mik}} later continued by Ib Steinaa.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/steinaa_ib.htm|title=Ib Steinaa}}
Rasmus Klump by Vilhelm Hansen and Carla Hansen.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hansen_vilhelm.htm |title=Vilhelm Hansen | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}

==Finland==

Janne Ankkanen by Ola Fogelberg.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/fogeli.htm|title=Fogeli|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Kieku ja Kaiku by Mika Waltari (text) and Asmo Alho (art).{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/alho_asmo.htm|title=Asmo Alho|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=18 April 2023}}
Pekka Puupää by Ola Fogelberg.

==France==

Arabella by Jean Ache.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/ache_jean.htm|title=Jean Ache|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Les Aventures de M. Barnichon L'Aéronaute by Félix Nadar.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/n/nadar.htm|title=Félix Nadar|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Les Aventures de Monsieur Verdreau by Louis Morel-Retz, aka Stop.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/morel_retz_louis.htm|title=Louis Morel-Retz}}
Bécassine by Caumery and Émile-Joseph Porphyre Pinchon.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/pinchon_ej.htm |title=Émile-Joseph Pinchon | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-18}}
Les Dés-agréments d'un voyage d'agrément (1851) by Gustave Doré.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dore_gustave.htm|title=Gustave Doré|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
La Famille Fenouillard by Georges Colomb.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/christophe.htm |title=Christophe (French artist Georges Colomb) | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Les Folies de la Commune by Amédée de Noé.
Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (1633) by Jacques Callot.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/callot_jacques.htm|title=Jacques Callot|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
L'Histoire de la Sainte Russie (1854) by Gustave Doré.
Histoire de Mr. Tuberculus and Histoire de Mr. Grenouillet (1856) by Timoléon Lobrichon. {{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lobrichon_timoleon.htm|title=Timoléon Lobrichon|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=7 May 2021}}
Ma Maison de Campagne et Mon Architecte by Félix Nadar.
Les Pieds Nickelés by Louis Forton.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/forton_louis.htm|title=Louis Forton|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Les Travaux d'Hercule (1847) by Gustave Doré.
{{lang|fr|Trois artistes incompris et mécontents}} (1851) by Gustave Doré.
{{lang|fr|Vie publique et privée de mossieu Réac}} by Félix Nadar.

==Germany==

Die Arche Noah by Erich Schmitt.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schmitt-erich.htm|title=Erich Schmitt|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Chi-Chi by Heinz Rammelt.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rammelt_heinz.htm|title=Heinz Rammelt|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Der Contibuben by Erich Maria Remarque and Hermann Schütz. {{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schuetz_hermann.htm|title=Hermann Schütz|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=1 August 2022}}
Max und Moritz by Wilhelm Busch.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/busch.htm|title=Wilhelm Busch|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Meister Lapp und sein Lehrjunge Pips by Carl Reinhardt.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/reinhardt_carl.htm|title = Carl Reinhardt}}
Totentanz der Politik by Arpad Schmidhammer.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schmidhammer_arpad.htm|title = Arpad Schmidhammer}}
Der Vergebliche Rattenjagd by Friedrich Lossow.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lossow_friedrich.htm|title=Friedrich Lossow}}

==Hungary==

Gömböcz and Csukli by János Jankó.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/janko_janos.htm|title = János Jankó}}
Hungarian Miska and German Miska. An old fairy tale about a common mule by János Jankó.

==Italy==

Bilbolbul by Attilio Mussino.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mussino_a.htm |title=Attilio Mussino | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=22 June 2007 |access-date=2015-11-18}}
Forbiciotto by Carlo Squillante.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/squillante_carlo.htm|title=Carlo Squillante|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Gennarino Tarantella by Carlo Squillante.
Italino by Antonio Rubino.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rubino_antonio.htm |title=Antonio Rubino | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=1 July 1964 |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Marmittone by Bruno Angoletta.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/angoletta.htm |title=Bruno Angoletta | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Quadratino by Antonio Rubino.
Scarabocchio by Carlo Squillante.
Signor Bonaventura by Sergio Tofano.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/sto.htm |title=Sto (Sergio Tofano) | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=28 October 1973 |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Sor Pampurio by Carlo Bisi.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bisi-carlo.htm |title=Carlo Bisi | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}

==Netherlands==

De Avonturen van Pa Pinkelman by Godfried Bomans and Carol Voges.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/voges_c.htm |title=Carol Voges | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Bello by Marten Toonder.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/toonder.htm |title=Marten Toonder | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Birre Beer by Phiny Dick{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dick_p.htm |title=Phiny Dick | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2018-04-04}} and Ton Beek.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/beek.htm |title=Ton Beek | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2018-04-04}}
Bobo by Sergio Cavina,{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cavina_sergio.htm|title=Sergio Cavina|website=lambiek.net}} later continued by Valeria Turati{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/turati_valeria.htm|title=Valeria Turati|website=lambiek.net}}
Brommy & Tommy by Jan Dirk van Exter.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/e/exter_van.htm|title=Jan Dirk van Exter|website=lambiek.net}}
Bulletje en Boonestaak by {{ill|A.M. de Jong|nl}} and George van Raemdonck.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/raemdonck.htm |title=George van Raemdonck | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}
Dannie ben ik by Emile Brumsteede {{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/brumsteede_emile.htm|title=Emile Brumsteede}}
Dick Bos by Alfred Mazure.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mazure_alfred.htm |title=Alfred Mazure | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}
Drumpie's Dolle Avonturen by A. Reuvers.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/reuvers_a.htm |title=A. Reuvers | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2019-01-15}}
Eric de Noorman by Hans G. Kresse.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kresse.htm |title=Hans G. Kresse | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}
Flippie Flink by Clinge Doorenbos and Louis Raemaekers.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/raemaekers_louis.htm |title=Louis Raemaekers | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Fokkie Flink by Henk de Wolf and Joop Geesink.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/geesink_joop.htm |title=Joop Geesink | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}
Kapitein Rob by Pieter Kuhn.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kuhn.htm |title=Pieter Kuhn | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Kappie by Marten Toonder.
Koning Hollewijn by Marten Toonder.
Minter en Hinter by Paul Biegel and Dick Vlottes.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/vlottes.htm |title=Dick Vlottes | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Mussengang by Bert Cornelius.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cornelius_bert.htm|title = Bert Cornelius}}
Olle Kapoen by Phiny Dick.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dick_p.htm |title=Phiny Dick | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Panda by Marten Toonder.
Paulus De Boskabouter (Paulus the woodgnome) by Jean Dulieu.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/dulieu.htm |title=Jean Dulieu | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}
Red Rat by Johannes van de Weert.{{cite web |title=Johannes van de Weert |url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/weert_johannes-van-de.htm#:~:text='Redrat'.,booklets%20in%20the%20late%201970s. |website=lambiek.net |access-date=23 May 2024 |date=2 January 2024}}
Spotprent Op De Plannen Tot De Oprichting Van Een Girobank by Pieter van Loon. {{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/loon_pieter_van.htm|title=Pieter van Loon|website=lambiek.net|access-date=7 August 2022}}
Tante Patent by Fiep Westendorp and Annie M.G. Schmidt.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/westendorp.htm |title=Fiep Westendorp | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}
Tekko Taks by Henk Kabos.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kabos.htm |title=Henk Kabos | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2017-12-09}}
Tom Poes by Marten Toonder.
Tup en Joep by Carol Voges.
Turks Fruit by Dick Matena', a comic strip adaptation of Jan Wolkers' novel Turks Fruit (Turkish Delight).{{cite web|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2016/09/13/wolkers-bevroren-in-stijf-lijnenspel-4263954-a1521303|title=Wolkers bevroren in stijf lijnenspel|website=Nrc.nl|date=13 September 2016 |access-date=13 August 2018 |last1=Rijghard |first1=Ron }}
Vader & Zoon by Peter van Straaten.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/straaten_van_p.htm |title=Peter van Straaten | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
De Wonderlijke Avonturen van Anna by Opland.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/o/opland.htm|title=Opland|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
De wonderlijke geschiedenis van Tripje, Yoebje en Achmed by Henk Backer.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/backer.htm |title=Henk Backer | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-18}}

==Poland==

Awantury i wybryki małej małpki Fiki-Miki by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/walentynowicz_marian.htm|title=Marian Walentynowicz|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Koziołek Matołek by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).
O Wawelskim Smoku by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).
Wanda leży w naszej ziemi by Kornel Makuszyński (text), Marian Walentynowicz (art).

==Portugal==

Aventuras sentimentais e dramáticas do senhor Simplício Baptista by Francisco Augusto Noguiera da Silva, aka Flora{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/n/nogueira_da_silva.htm|title=Francisco Augusto Nogueira da Silva|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Index da Physiologia by Francisco Augusto Noguiera da Silva.
As Quatro Luas do Matrimónio by Francisco Augusto Noguiera da Silva.

==Sweden==

Jocke, Nicke, Majken by Petter Lindroth, aka Per Lindroth {{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lindroth_petter.htm|title = Petter Lindroth}}
Spara och Slösa by Birgitta Lilliehöök{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lilliehook_birgitta.htm |title=Birgitta Lilliehöök | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |date=15 October 2010 |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Trisse och Trisselna by Lucie Lundberg:{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lundberg_lucie.htm|title=Lucie Lundberg|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}

==Switzerland==

Histoire de Mr. Vieux Bois by Rodolphe Töpffer
Papa Moll by Jürg Lendemann and Rolf Meier.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/roloff.htm|title=Roloff|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}

==Turkey==

Amcabey by Cemal Nadir Güler.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/n/nadir_guler_cemal.htm|title = Cemal Nadir Güler}}
Çetin Kaptan by Ercüment Kalmik.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kalmik_ercument.htm|title = Ercüment Kalmik}}
Efruz Bey by Cemal Nadir Güler.
Pazar Ola Hasan Bey by Orhan Ural.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/u/ural_orhan.htm|title=Orhan Ural}}

==United Kingdom==

The British comics magazines Jack and Jill and Playhour published most of its comics in text comic format.

The Adventures of Miss Lavinia Brounjones by Charles Keene.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/keene_charles.htm|title=Charles Keene|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Ally Sloper by Charles H. Ross{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/ross_charles.htm|title=Charles Ross|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} and Marie Duval (Emilie de Tessier){{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/d/duval_marie.htm|title=Marie Duval|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Billy Bimbo and Peter Porker by Harry Folkard.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/folkard_harry.htm|title=Harry Folkard|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
The Bunty's Boys by Herbert Sydney Foxwell (combined text comics with speech balloons).{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/foxwell_herbert.htm|title=Herbert Sydney Foxwell|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Casey Court by Julius Stafford Baker II.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/baker_js.htm|title=Julius Stafford Baker (II)|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Freddie the Frog by Peter Woolcock,{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/woolcock_peter.htm|title=Peter Woolcock|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} Jim Turnbull{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/turnbull_jim.htm|title=Jim Turnbull|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} Antonio Lupatelli{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lupatelli_antonio.htm|title=Antonio Lupatelli|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} Sergio Asteriti.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/asteriti_sergio.htm|title=Sergio Asteriti|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} and Gordon Hutchings.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hutchings_gordon.htm|title=Gordon Hutchings|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Gulliver Guinea-Pig by Philip Mendoza,{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/m/mendoza_philip.htm|title = Philip Mendoza}} continued by Gordon Hutchings.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hutchings_gordon.htm|title=Gordon Hutchings}}
Homeless Hector by Bertie Brown (a combination of text comics with balloon comics).{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/brown-bertie.htm|title=Bertie Brown|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
The Horrid Popish Plot by Francis Barlow, a 1682 picture story which combined the text comics format with speech balloons.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/barlow_francis.htm|title=Francis Barlow|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Jimmy and his Magic Patch by Dudley D. Watkins.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/watkins_dudley.htm|title=Dudley D. Watkins|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Jungle Jinks by Arthur White.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/w/white_arthur.htm|title=Arthur White|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} and Mabel Francis Taylor.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/taylor_mabel_f.htm|title=Mabel F. Taylor|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Katie Country Mouse by Philip Mendoza.
Magical Mystery Tour by Bob Gibson, a text comic based on the 1967 TV film Magical Mystery Tour, available inside the sleeve of the soundtrack album.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gibson_bob.htm|title=Bob Gibson|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
The Merry Tales of Mimi and Marny by Jim Turnbull.
Mr. Crindle's Rapid Career Upon Town by Henry George Hine.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hine_henry_george.htm|title=Henry George Hine|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Morgyn the Mighty by Dudley D. Watkins (started out as a text comic when it debuted in 1928, but was turned into a balloon comic when Watkins republished it a decade later in The Beano).
Mr. Spoonbill by John Tenniel.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/tenniel_john.htm|title=John Tenniel|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Peter Piper by John Tenniel.
Pip, Squeak and Wilfred by Bertram Lamb and Austin Bowen Payne (combined text balloons with captions below the images.){{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/payne_ab.htm|title=Austin Bowen Payne|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Princess Petal by Philip Mendoza.
Rupert Bear by Mary Tourtel.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/tourtel.htm|title=Mary Tourtel|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Rupert the Chick by Arthur White.
Smiler and Smudge by Bertie Brown (a combination of text comics with balloon comics).
Tall Thomas and Butterball by H. O'Neill.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/o/o-neill_h.htm|title=H. O'Neill|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Teddy Tail by Charles Folkard,{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/folkard_charles.htm|title=Charles James Folkard|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} Harry Folkard Herbert Sidney Foxwell, Arthur Potts,{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/p/potts_arthur.htm|title=Arthur Potts|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} William St. John Glenn.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/glenn_bill.htm|title=Bill Glenn|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Those Terrible Twins (1898-1900) by Frank Holland.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/holland-frank.htm|title=Frank Holland|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Tiger Tim by Julius Stafford Baker II. and Herbert Sydney Foxwell. (During its original run it combined the text comics format with speech balloons).
The Tooth-Ache by Horace Mayhew and George Cruikshank.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cruikshank_george.htm|title = George Cruikshank}}
Weary Willy and Tired Tim by Tom Browne.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/browne_tom.htm|title=Tom Browne|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Winifred and Stephanie by Philip Mendoza.

=North America=

==Canada==

The Brownies by Palmer Cox.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cox-palmer.htm|title=Palmer Cox|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}

==United States==

The Doubtful Guest by Edward Gorey{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/g/gorey_edward.htm|title=Edward Gorey|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Flora Flirt by Katharine P. Rice.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/rice_katharine_p.htm|title=Katharine P. Rice}}
Foxy Grandpa by Carl E. Schultze{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/s/schultze_carl.htm|title=Carl Emil Schultze|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
The Gashlycrumb Tinies by Edward Gorey
Gretchen Gratz by Inez Townsend (British-born artist, later moved to the United States) {{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/t/townsend_inez.htm|title=Inez Townsend}}
Illustrated Sunday School Lesson by Alfred J. Buescher{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/buescher_alfred-j.htm|title=Alfred J. Buescher|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} (written by Reverend Alvin E. Bell, Newman Campbell and R.H. Ramsay)
Jack Daw's Adventures by Leslie Elton{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/e/elton_leslie.htm|title=Leslie Elton|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Mr. Tweedy by Ned Riddle {{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/r/riddle_ned.htm|title=Ned Riddle}}
Nervy Nat by James Montgomery Flagg{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/flagg_jm.htm|title=James Montgomery Flagg|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}} and Arthur Lewis{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/l/lewis_arthur.htm|title=Arthur Lewis|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Prince Valiant by Hal Foster{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/foster_hal.htm|title=Hal Foster|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Snooks and Snicks, the Mischievous Twins by Inez Townsend (British-born artist, later moved to the United States)
The Spotty Twins by Art Bowen (combination of a ballon comic with a text comic).{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/b/bowen_art.htm|title = Art Bowen}}
The Upside Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo by Gustave Verbeek{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/v/verbeck.htm |title=Gustave Verbeck | Lambiek Comiclopedia |publisher=Lambiek.net |access-date=2015-11-19}}
Wee Willie Winkie's World by Lyonel Feininger{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/f/feininger_l.htm|title=Lyonel Feininger|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Whisk by Walt Kuhn{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/k/kuhn_walt.htm|title=Walt Kuhn|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}
Willie Westinghouse Edison Smith, The Boy Inventor by Frank Crane (originally started off as a text comic, later became a balloon comic).{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/crane_frank.htm|title = Frank Crane}}

=South America=

==Brazil==

As aventuras de Zé Caipora by Angelo Agostini.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/a/agostini_angelo.htm|title=Angelo Agostini|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}

=Oceania=

==New Zealand==

Bobby and Betty by Noel Cook.{{cite web|url=https://www.lambiek.net/artists/c/cook_noel.htm|title=Noel Cook|website=Lambiek.net|access-date=13 August 2018}}

References

Category:Comics genres

Category:History of comics

Category:Comics formats