The Flicker

{{Short description|1966 American experimental film by Tony Conrad}}

{{Infobox film

| name = The Flicker

| image = Tony Conrad - The Flicker film.jpg

| image_upright = 0.3

| caption = Film strip with several frames of The Flicker

| director = Tony Conrad

| released = {{film date|1966}}

| runtime = 30 minutes

| country = United States

| budget = $300{{cite journal |last=Mussman |first=Toby |year=1966 |title=An Interview with Tony Conrad |journal=Film Culture |issue=41 |page=4}}

}}

The Flicker is a 1966 American experimental film by Tony Conrad.[https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/5752/releases/MOMA_1979_0052_43.pdf THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org] The film consists of only 5 different frames: a warning frame, two title frames, a black frame, and a white frame. It changes the rate at which it switches between black and white frames to produce stroboscopic effects.

Conrad spent several months designing the film before shooting it in a matter of days. He produced and distributed The Flicker with the help of Jonas Mekas. The film is now recognized as a key work of structural filmmaking.{{cite web |url=http://www2.tate.org.uk/intermediaart/tony_conrad.shtm |title=Unprojectable: Projection and Perspective |last1=Comer |first1=Stuart |last2=Koegel |first2=Alice |year=2008 |publisher=Tate |access-date=December 24, 2015}}

Story

The film starts with a warning message, which reads:

WARNING.

The producer, distributor, and exhibitors waive all liability for physical or mental injury possibly caused by the motion picture "The Flicker."

Since this film may induce epileptic seizures or produce mild symptoms of shock treatment in certain persons, you are cautioned to remain in the theatre only at your own risk. A physician should be in attendance.

The warning is accompanied by the ragtime tune "Raggedy Ann" played on an old gramophone.Singer 1976, p. 115.Joseph 2008, pp. 286–287. The film then goes on to a frame that says "Tony Conrad Presents," and then to a frame that says "The Flicker," at which point it starts. The screen goes white, then after a short while, the screen flickers with a single black frame. This is repeated, at varying rate, again and again until it creates a strobe effect, for which the film is titled. This continues until the film stops abruptly.

Development

File:Tony Conrad - The Flicker exposure timing sheet.png

The Flicker grew out of experiments by Conrad and Mario Montez. During one conducted in March 1963, Jack Smith found hallucinatory patterns in the projector flicker.{{cite journal |last=Conrad |first=Tony |authorlink=Tony Conrad |date=June 1, 2005 |title=Is This Penny Ante or a High Stakes Game?: An Interventionist Approach to Experimental Filmmaking |url=http://mfj-online.org/journalPages/MFJ43/Conrad.htm |journal=Millennium Film Journal |publisher=Millennium Film Workshop |issue=43/44 |pages=101–109 |access-date=December 24, 2015}} Conrad was familiar with the effects of stroboscopic light from a physiology class at Harvard University.Renan 1967, p. 138. By November 1964, Conrad had begun designing a flicker movie with "gradually lengthening alternate white & black areas on the film." He made notes on how to expose progressively longer sections of film with black and white, ignoring the frame widths.Joseph 2008, p. 283.

Conrad continued planning The Flicker with paper diagrams for several months.Joseph 2008, p. 284.{{cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Scott |author-link=Scott MacDonald (media scholar) |date=2005 |title=A Critical Cinema 5: Interviews with Independent Filmmakers |publisher=University of California Press |pages=66–72 |isbn=978-0-520-93908-0}} He wanted to arrange the frames to create multiple frequencies while balancing the number of black and white frames. He consulted William S. Burroughs's 1964 article "Points of Distinction Between Sedative and Consciousness-Expanding Drugs" while arranging the patterns.Joseph 2008, pp. 312–313. In June 1965, Conrad tested various flicker speeds with his friend Lew Oliver. They found that the strobe effect was most powerful between 6 and 16 Hz. Oliver suggested using slightly longer durations for black frames, so Conrad used an extra black frame when constructing cycles of odd length.Joseph 2008, pp. 284–285.

Production

File:Tony Conrad 1 - DMS35th.jpg in 2009]]

Filmmaker Jonas Mekas gave Conrad rolls of film and helped obtain a Bolex camera to use. He shot the black frames by covering the camera lens. He first tried unsuccessfully to shoot the white frames by removing the lens but ultimately ended up shooting a sheet of white paper. Conrad shot the material over the course of a few days. He produced one 16 mm roll with 47 arrangements of black and white frames and made ten copies. He used an inexpensive 8 mm film splicer to reorder the frames such that each of the 47 arrangements was repeated ten times.

Conrad knew a friend who had died from an epileptic seizure, so he talked to a doctor at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital's seizure clinic about the film. He was told that less than 0.01% of the population was affected and that prompting non-epileptic people with a warning could cause them to have "seizures".Joseph 2008, p. 286. He was still concerned about legal liability after finding two cases in New York where theater owners had been sued after people suffered reactions from a frame rate of 16 frames per second. With this in mind, he decided to add a warning to the beginning of the film. He also added a long section with the film's credits to lull the audience into a state of compliance, making the flicker effect stronger.

The soundtrack for The Flicker was made by Conrad on a synthesizer that he built solely for the film.{{cite news|title=Lifting the Veil|last=Henderson|first=Richard|date=April 1998|work=The Wire |page=30}} He operated the synthesizer around 20 Hz so that the people could hear it as either a rhythm or pitch. The soundtrack uses tape delays and heavy reverb.{{cite news |last=Stosuy |first=Brandon |date=May 18, 2005 |title=Eye & Ear Controlled |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/film/film-6403727 |newspaper=The Village Voice |page=C70 |access-date=December 24, 2015}} Conrad intended for the audio to be played from a separate stereo tape because of film's poor sound fidelity.

Release

An unfinished version of The Flicker was previewed at the Film-Makers' Cinemathèque in New York on December 14, 1965.Joseph 2008, p. 285. The final version premiered there on February 13, 1966 with a private screening.Joseph 2008, p. 279. Each of the Cinematheque's screenings had a doctor on-site.Mekas 1966, p. 228. The film began to find a larger audience that September through the fourth New York Film Festival at Lincoln Center.

Conrad programmed a digital version of The Flicker for the Amiga computer during the 1980s.{{cite journal |last=Conrad |first=Tony |authorlink=Tony Conrad |date=September 2012 |title=Tony Conrad |journal=Artforum |volume=51 |issue=1 |page=419}} After a lab destroyed the original film, Mekas's Anthology Film Archives helped preserve a copy of The Flicker.{{cite journal |last=Sanders |first=Jay |year=2005 |title=Tony Conrad |url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2752/tony-conrad |journal=Bomb |issue=92 |pages=66–73 |access-date=December 24, 2015}} The film is now part of Anthology Film Archives' Essential Cinema Repertory collection.{{cite web |url=http://anthologyfilmarchives.org/about/essential-cinema |title=Essential Cinema |publisher=Anthology Film Archives |access-date=June 1, 2022}}

Reception

The Flicker often prompted strong reactions from audiences. Mekas noted that most viewers walked out of the first screening.Mekas 1967, pp. 295–296. For some people, the film induced headaches or vomiting.Mekas 1966, pp. 230–231. Although the frames are entirely black or white, many people report seeing movement, shapes, or colors.Joseph 2008, p. 341.

P. Adams Sitney, in his 1969 article defining structural film, characterized the structure of The Flicker as "one long crescendo–diminuendo{{nbsp}}... with a single blast of stereophonic buzz". He wrote that the film "brought a new clarity to Kubelka's Arnulf Rainer".{{cite journal |last=Sitney |first=P. Adams |authorlink=P. Adams Sitney |year=1969 |title=Structural Film |journal=Film Culture |issue=47}} Filmmaker Malcolm Le Grice also likened the film to Arnulf Rainer but noted that the former focused on autonomic reactions to the strobe rate as well as the "awareness of gradually changing modes of perception."{{cite book |last=Le Grice |first=Malcolm |authorlink=Malcolm Le Grice |year=1977 |title=Abstract Film and Beyond |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-12077-7}} Amos Vogel called The Flicker "a great film."{{cite journal |last=Wellington |first=Fred |year=1966 |title=Towards Understanding of 'Subversion' |journal=Film Culture |issue=42 |page=16}}

Notes

References

{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Branden W. |authorlink=Branden W. Joseph |year=2008 |title=Beyond the Dream Syndicate: Tony Conrad and the Arts After Cage |publisher=Zone Books |isbn=978-1-890951-86-3}}
{{cite book |last=Mekas |first=Jonas |authorlink=Jonas Mekas |year=1972 |title=Movie Journal: The Rise of a New American Cinema, 1959–1971 |publisher=Collier Books}} First published in {{cite journal |date=March 24, 1966 |title=An Interview with Tony Conrad: On the Flickering Cinema of Pure Light |journal=The Village Voice}}
{{cite book |last=Mekas |first=Jonas |year=1972 |title=Movie Journal: The Rise of a New American Cinema, 1959–1971 |publisher=Collier Books}} First published in {{cite journal |date=November 6, 1967 |title=On the Changing Eye |journal=The Village Voice}}
{{cite book |last=Renan |first=Sheldon |year=1967 |title=An Introduction to the American Underground Film |publisher=E. P. Dutton}}
{{cite book |editor-last=Singer |editor-first=Marilyn |editor-link=Marilyn Singer |year=1976 |title=A History of the American Avant-Garde Cinema |publisher=American Federation of Arts}}