The Mosquito#History

The Mosquito machine was invented and patented by Howard Stapleton in 2005,{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070037691A1/en|title=Sound-Emitting Device|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204945/https://patents.google.com/patent/US20070037691A1/en|url-status=live}} and was originally tested in Barry, South Wales, where it was successful in reducing teenagers loitering near a grocery store.{{cite news|first=Sarah|last=Lyall|author-link=Sarah Lyall|title=This Mosquito makes unruly teenagers buzz off|work=The New York Times|date=28 November 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/world/europe/this-mosquito-makes-unruly-teenagers-buzz-off.html|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=11 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111095359/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/28/world/europe/this-mosquito-makes-unruly-teenagers-buzz-off.html|url-status=live}} The idea was born after he was irritated by a factory noise when he was a child.{{cite news|title=Noise machine deters shop gangs|publisher=BBC|date=8 November 2005|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_east/4415318.stm|access-date=11 January 2010|archive-date=20 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220172836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_east/4415318.stm|url-status=live}} The push to create the product was when Stapleton's 17-year-old daughter went to the store to buy milk and was harassed by a group of 12- to 15-year-olds. Using his children as test subjects, he determined the frequency of "The Mosquito".Discovery's Science Channel "Weird Connections" Episode 8

The Mosquito was released to the mainstream market in 2005, through Stapleton's company Compound Security Solutions.{{cite news|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/lifes-buzz-mosquito-inventor-2367385|title=Life's a buzz for Mosquito inventor|last=Williamson|first=David|date=11 November 2005|work=Wales Online|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163409/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/lifes-buzz-mosquito-inventor-2367385|url-status=live}} The current device has two settings: the high frequency sound targeted at youth, and another that can be heard by everyone. The range of the sound is {{convert|140|ft|0}} with the sound baffle, and {{convert|200|ft|0}} without. It requires a 24-volt DC or 15-volt AC power supply.

A device installed in a Spar shop in Caerleon Road in Newport, South Wales{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4839346.stm |title=Anti-gang noise box switched off |publisher=BBC News |date=24 March 2006 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-date=30 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430230735/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4839346.stm |url-status=live }} was banned after three months by the Newport Community Safety Partnership, a partnership set up to meet the requirements of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, with members including Newport City Council, Gwent Police, Newport Local Health Board, South Wales Fire Service, representatives of Customs and Excise, and the Welsh Assembly Government. Despite the ban, another Spar shop in Newport installed the device. A Newport Community Safety Partnership spokesman said: "Any view expressed by the Partnership does not stop any business or private company from purchasing these devices. They must ensure these systems comply with the law."{{cite news |url=http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2006/04/12/Gwent+Archive/4625078._Mosquito__returns_to_zap_the_rowdies/ |title='Mosquito' returns to zap the rowdies |publisher=South Wales Argus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426175910/http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/archive/2006/04/12/Gwent+Archive/4625078._Mosquito__returns_to_zap_the_rowdies/ |archive-date=26 April 2012}}

In February 2008, in response to a national campaign launched by the Children’s Commissioner for England,{{cite web |url=https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/news/3500-ultra-sonic-dispersal-devises-told-buzz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207104553/http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/news/3500-ultra-sonic-dispersal-devises-told-buzz |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2017 |title=3,500 ultra-sonic dispersal devises told to Buzz Off |date=12 February 2008 |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Office of the Children's Commissioner }} Liberty, and the National Youth Agency, the government issued a statement insisting that "'Mosquito alarms are not banned and the government has no plans to ban them".{{cite web |author=Steffan Rhys |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/02/11/mosquito-device-inventor-tells-campaign-to-buzz-off-91466-20459944/ |title=News – Wales News – Mosquito device inventor tells campaign to buzz off |publisher=WalesOnline |date=11 February 2008 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222000836/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/02/11/mosquito-device-inventor-tells-campaign-to-buzz-off-91466-20459944/ |url-status=live }}

The sound was made into a mobile phone ringtone, which could not be heard by teachers if the phone rang during a class.{{cite web

|title =Pupils adapt mosquito alarm into ringtone unaudible for over twenties|publisher=Compound Security Systems (GadgetSpy)|date =24 May 2006|url=http://www.compoundsecurity.co.uk/security-news/pupils-adapt-mosquito-alarm-ringtone-unaudible-over-twenties|access-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080206150433/http://compoundsecurity.co.uk/deterrent_news_47.html |archive-date = 6 February 2008}} Mobile phone speakers are capable of producing frequencies above 20 kHz.{{cite web |url=http://boingboing.net/2006/05/24/kids-turn-teen-repel.html |title=Kids turn "teen repellent" sound into teacher-proof ringtone |last=Doctorow |first=Cary |date=24 May 2006 |publisher=Boing Boing |access-date=30 January 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105134110/http://boingboing.net/2006/05/24/kids-turn-teen-repel.html |url-status=live }} This ringtone became informally known as "Teen Buzz"{{cite web |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article.html?in_article_id=14031&in_page_id=2 |title=Pupils perform 'alarming' feat |publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=24 May 2006 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-date=10 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910094045/http://www.metro.co.uk/weird/article.html?in_article_id=14031&in_page_id=2 |url-status=dead }} or "the Mosquito ringtone" and has since been sold commercially.

The Mosquito won the satirical Ig Nobel for "peace" in 2006. The Ig Nobels celebrate the quirkier side of serious scientific endeavour, honouring "achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think".{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/06/science.highereducation |title=Electronic teenager repellant and scraping fingernails, the sounds of Ig Nobel success | UK news |work=The Guardian |date=6 October 2006 |access-date=21 June 2009 |location=London |first=Alok |last=Jha |archive-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427011737/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/06/science.highereducation |url-status=live }}

The German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health stated in a report on The Mosquito, entitled Use of ultrasonic noise channels not entirely safe:

{{quote|The results of the examination are now available. The auditors were not able to certify this device as completely safe.

The risk to the target group of teenagers and young adults is relatively low. They can leave the area when they hear the sound. On the other hand small children and infants are especially at risk, due to lengthy exposure to the sound, because the adults themselves do not perceive the noise. Moreover, the ultrasound affects not only hearing. Disruption of the equilibrium senses, as well as other extra-aural effects are well known. With the sound levels that can be reached by the device, the onset of dizziness, headache, nausea and impairment is to be expected. This is not the limit of the total risks to safety and health.{{cite web|url=http://www.baua.de/nn_5858/de/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2007/12/pm079-07.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131822/http://www.baua.de/nn_5858/de/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2007/12/pm079-07.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 |title=Einsatz von Ultraschall-Störgeräusch-Sendern nicht ganz unbedenklich |publisher=German Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health |date=14 December 2007 |language=de}}}}

In a United Kingdom survey of the relevant studies of adults exposed to high frequency sound in an occupational context for the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in 2001, it was concluded that the studies were inadequate to establish guidelines for safe exposure.Health and Safety Executive. Institute of Sound and Vibration Research. [http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/2001/crr01343.pdf Damage to human hearing by airborne sound of very high frequency or ultrasonic frequency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528070229/http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/crr_pdf/2001/crr01343.pdf |date=28 May 2009 }}. Retrieved 23 May 2009. The Mosquito's manufacturer relies on these inconclusive adult studies to justify the safety of the device.compoundsecurity.co.uk. [http://www.compoundsecurity.co.uk/sites/default/files/Mosquito%20MK4.pdf Mosquito Anti-vandal System: MK4 Mosquito with multi-age function]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}. Retrieved 23 May 2009.

The National Autistic Society said in 2008 that it was "extremely concerned" about possible harmful effects of the devices upon autistic people. Since autism can cause auditory hypersensitivity, autistic individuals with can have more intense reactions to this sound, especially if they are also under 25. Since autism can also affect communication skills, some individuals may not be able to communicate their discomfort to caregivers. A supermarket in Longridge, England, removed a mosquito device in 2008 after a campaign by a 19-year-old Paul Brookfield, who is autistic. Brookfield stated that the device was causing him pain due to his hypersensitivity.[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/may/04/supermarkets.retail1 Store drops anti-yob device] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092756/http://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/may/04/supermarkets.retail1 |date=5 March 2016 }}. Retrieved 16 November 2015.

Other disabilities and conditions may be exacerbated by the device. In March 2009, a child who had recently undergone ear surgery reported that the device set off her tinnitus, causing significant pain.[http://www.childrensrights.ie/sites/default/files/submissions_reports/files/BriefingNoteMosquitoMarch09_0.pdf Children’s Rights Alliance Briefing Note on the Mosquito Device] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021612/http://www.childrensrights.ie/sites/default/files/submissions_reports/files/BriefingNoteMosquitoMarch09_0.pdf |date=17 November 2015 }}. Retrieved 16 November 2015.

The Mosquito has received support and endorsements from municipalities, school districts, property management companies, convenience stores and other organisations.{{cite web|url=http://www.compoundsecurity.co.uk/about-us/testimonials|title=Testimonials From Our Clients|publisher=Compound Security Systems|access-date=17 March 2009|archive-date=24 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224180948/http://www.compoundsecurity.co.uk/about-us/testimonials|url-status=live}} Rochdale Safer Communities Partnership said the borough was committed to the continued use of the Mosquito:

"We feel totally justified in deploying Mosquito devices in the borough of Rochdale to give the community respite in cases of acute anti-social behaviour and youth nuisance," she said. "We use the devices when there are large groups of young people making life a problem for residents and businesses, as we are very keen not to let problems of anti-social behaviour escalate."{{cite news|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1036237_mosquito_device_defended_|title='Mosquito device' defended|last=Ottewell|first=David|date=13 February 2008|work=Manchester Evening News|access-date=17 March 2009|archive-date=3 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203233506/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1036237_mosquito_device_defended_|url-status=live}}

The Association of Convenience Stores (ACS) also supports the usage of the device, and so does British Retail Consortium (BRC), stating that "Not all young people are involved in violence, but given that some retail staff are facing a level of insolence [from teenagers] they have to have the option of doing what they can to protect themselves. They are entitled to discourage threatening groups from hanging around or in their shops."{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2008/02/14/44435/anti-yob-mosquito-device-backed-by-british-retail-consortium.html|title=Anti-yob 'mosquito' device backed by British Retail Consortium|last=Peacock|first=Louisa|date=14 February 2008|work=Personnel Today|access-date=17 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202211252/http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2008/02/14/44435/anti-yob-mosquito-device-backed-by-british-retail-consortium.html|archive-date=2 December 2008}}

At the Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows and Vancouver west side school districts in British Columbia, Canada, the device has been credited with lowering exterior vandalism at one school by about 40%.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

Opposition categorises it as an indiscriminate{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7240180.stm |title=Calls to ban 'anti-teen' device |publisher=BBC News |date=12 February 2008 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-date=2 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302093627/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7240180.stm |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last=Mahadevan |first=Janaki |title=Campaigners call for Mosquito alarm ban |publisher=Watford Observer |date=14 February 2008 |url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/2043241.campaigners_call_for_mosquito_alarm_ban/ |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203020731/http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/2043241.campaigners_call_for_mosquito_alarm_ban/ |url-status=live }} sonic weapon which succeeds only in demonising children and young people and may breach their human rights. The National Youth Rights Association has met with some success fighting the devices in the United States.{{cite news |url=http://youthrights.org/2011/06/22/hastings-debates-pitching-out-teen-vandals/ |title=Hastings Debates Pitching Out Teen Vandals |publisher=StarTribune |date=22 June 2011 |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222655/http://youthrights.org/2011/06/22/hastings-debates-pitching-out-teen-vandals/ |archive-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}{{cite news |url=http://youthrights.org/2010/10/04/gallery-place-mosquito-swatted-down/ |title=Gallery Place "Mosquito" Swatted Down |publisher=NBC 4 Washington |date=4 October 2010 |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222655/http://youthrights.org/2010/10/04/gallery-place-mosquito-swatted-down/ |archive-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}

A UK campaign called "Buzz off" is calling for The Mosquito to be banned. Shami Chakrabarti, director of Liberty, has claimed that the sound is "untested [and] unregulated" and that it can be a "sonic weapon directed against children and young people." Albert Aynsley-Green, the former Children’s Commissioner for England, criticised the devices for indiscriminately targeting all children and babies regardless of their behaviour. He described such measures as "demonising children and young people", and creating a "dangerous and widening divide" between the young and the old.{{cite news | date=9 June 2008 | title=UK society 'demonising' children | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7443104.stm | access-date=14 June 2011 | work=BBC News | archive-date=3 January 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103102512/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7443104.stm | url-status=live }}

The device was singled out for criticism in a joint report by children's commissioners for all parts of the UK, which formed part of a United Nations review of standards in the UK. A report for the Council of Europe called for a ban in 2010, suggesting use of the Mosquito may breach human rights law.{{cite news | date=28 June 2010 | title=Calls to ban Mosquito 'teen repellent' device ruled out | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10442500 | access-date=14 June 2011 | work=BBC News | archive-date=14 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514174655/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10442500 | url-status=live }}

In January 2011, the device was banned on all Council and Partnership buildings in Sheffield following a successful campaign led by the then Member of UK Youth Parliament for Sheffield, Harrison Carter.{{cite web|url=http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/local-teen-wins-campaign-to-ban-controversial-device-1-3104497|title=Local teen wins campaign to ban controversial device|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141745/http://www.sheffieldtelegraph.co.uk/news/local/local-teen-wins-campaign-to-ban-controversial-device-1-3104497|url-status=live}} Sheffield is the largest city in the country with such a ban in place. It was recognised by the UK Government in their Positive For Youth document, published by the Department for Education in January 2012.{{cite web |title=Positive for Youth: A new approach to cross-government policy for young people aged 13 to 19 |url=http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/positive%20for%20youth.pdf |publisher=Department for Education |date=2011 |page=68 |access-date=31 July 2012 |archive-date=4 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904131621/http://media.education.gov.uk/assets/files/positive%20for%20youth.pdf |url-status=live }} This strategy paper acts to set out a new-approach to cross government policy for young people aged 13–19. Although mentioned in the document, a national ban of the mosquito device was not in the Coalition Agreement, and is not part of current Government policy.

In July 2014, a new campaign was started in order to get a mosquito device removed from the public library in Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire,{{cite web|url=https://you.38degrees.org.uk/petitions/remove-mosquito-device-audio-weapon-from-milford-haven-library|title=Remove Mosquito Device/Audio Weapon from Milford Haven Library!|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065934/https://you.38degrees.org.uk/petitions/remove-mosquito-device-audio-weapon-from-milford-haven-library|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/11330284.display/|title='Mosquito' alarm campaign grows wings|work=Milford Mercury|date=9 July 2014 |access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070403/http://www.milfordmercury.co.uk/news/11330284.display/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Nodeterentatmhl?fref=ts|title=Stop The Mosquito Device/Anti-Teen Weapon at Milford Haven Library|work=Facebook|access-date=1 October 2014|archive-date=13 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222655/https://www.facebook.com/Nodeterentatmhl?fref=ts|url-status=live}} and is ongoing.{{update inline|date=March 2023}}

In 2016, a shopping centre in Queensland, Australia removed the device after two years of campaigning by a local lawyer, due to it discriminating against young people. It had been installed in the centre for 10 years.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jun/30/national-ban-sought-on-sonic-anti-loitering-device-aimed-at-young-people |title=National ban sought on sonic anti-loitering device aimed at young people |date=30 June 2016 |last=Robertson |first=Joshua |work=The Guardian |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202151020/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/jun/30/national-ban-sought-on-sonic-anti-loitering-device-aimed-at-young-people |url-status=live }}

Campaigners and authorities in many countries have stated that they believe the device breaches human rights and may even constitute assault.{{cite web |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20033884.html |title=Using mosquito devices on children could constitute assault, says ombudsman |publisher=Irish Examiner |date=30 May 2007 |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310203151/https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-20033884.html |url-status=live }} Liberty has expressed concern that the device may violate sections 8 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights,{{cite web |author=Florian Rötzer |url=http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/24/24893/1.html |title=TP: Akustische Waffe oder harmlose Teenagerabwehr? |publisher=Heise.de |date=20 March 2007 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-date=5 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405225038/http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/24/24893/1.html |url-status=live }} and the United Kingdom's Human Rights Act 1998.{{cite web |url=http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/news-and-events/mosquito-device.shtml |title=The Mosquito Device |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044813/http://www.liberty-human-rights.org.uk/news-and-events/mosquito-device.shtml |archive-date=28 September 2007 |publisher=Liberty }}

The Committee on Culture, Science and Education of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe prepared a report stating that this device violates many articles of both the European Convention on Human Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, and should be banned in Europe, because it is often "painful" and causes "degrading and discriminatory consequences for young people".{{Cite report |title=Recommendation 1930 (2010): Prohibiting the marketing and use of the "Mosquito" youth dispersal device |url=http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-EN.asp?fileid=17891&lang=en |last=Wach |first=Piotr |date=25 June 2010 |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe |access-date=1 February 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912123828/https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17891&lang=en |url-status=live }} In September 2008, Baroness Sarah Ludford MEP moved a motion to the European Parliament to ban the use of the Mosquito. It failed to get enough signatures from MEPs to proceed to a full debate.{{cite web |url=http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/EU-rejects-bid-ban-Mosquito/article-326093-detail/article.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712032930/http://www.thisisplymouth.co.uk/news/EU-rejects-bid-ban-Mosquito/article-326093-detail/article.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2009 |title=EU rejects bid to ban Mosquito |publisher=Thisisplymouth.co.uk |date=14 September 2008 |access-date=21 June 2009 }}

In Belgium, a resolution was passed by the House in June 2008 asking the government to take all necessary measures to prohibit the use of devices like the Mosquito on Belgian territory.{{cite news |url=http://www.rtlinfo.be/rtl/archive/article/143873?&archiveYear=2008 |title=Le Mosquito proche d'être interdit en Belgique? |trans-title=The Mosquito close to being banned in Belgium? |date=26 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720013128/http://www.rtlinfo.be/rtl/archive/article/143873?&archiveYear=2008 |archive-date=20 July 2009|language=fr}} The legality of the device has also been tested in the French courts, where the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Saint-Brieuc prohibited the use of the Mosquito within its municipality, and ordered a private individual to pay €2,000 compensation after operating the device outside their house.{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/04/30/01001-20080430ARTFIG00369-la-justice-interdit-le-boitier-anti-jeunes.php |title=Le Figaro – Actualités : La justice interdit le boîtier anti-jeunes |work=Le Figaro |date=30 April 2008 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-date=9 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609111610/http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/04/30/01001-20080430ARTFIG00369-la-justice-interdit-le-boitier-anti-jeunes.php |url-status=live }}

Under Ireland's Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997, anyone who "directly or indirectly applies force to or causes an impact on the body of another... without the consent of the other" (force including "application of ... noise or any other form of energy"), is guilty of committing assault. This issue has been raised in relation to the Mosquito device by Ireland's Ombudsman for Children following legal advice provided by Youth Work Ireland, but has yet to be tested in the Irish courts.

In the United Kingdom, the manufacturers claim that the tones are broadcast at 75 dB,{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} meaning that the product falls within the government's auditory-safety limits, although the German news source Heise reported the device emits 85 dB, and websites{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} selling the Mosquito claim it can go up to 95 dB with a special chip, which in reality allows the Mosquito to reach 104 dB. The government of the United Kingdom issued a statement in 2008 stating that "'Mosquito alarms are not banned and the government has no plans to ban them".{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7241527.stm |title=No plan to ban 'anti-teen' device |publisher=BBC News |date=12 February 2008 |access-date=21 June 2009 |archive-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523070238/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7241527.stm |url-status=live }} The English county of Kent has chosen not to allow the usage of the Mosquito on council-owned buildings.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/jun/13/localgovernment.youngpeople |title=Kent bans high-pitch Mosquito which targets youths |work=The Guardian |date=13 June 2008 |access-date=21 June 2009 |location=London |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916051936/http://www.theguardian.com/society/2008/jun/13/localgovernment.youngpeople |url-status=live }}

• Acoustic deterrent
• Presbycusis, the age-related hearing loss
• Hearing range
• Absolute threshold of hearing
• Tinnitus
• Hostile design

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.facebook.com/Nodeterentatmhl?fref=ts/ Facebook group for Milford Haven Campaign]
• [http://you.38degrees.org.uk/petitions/remove-mosquito-device-audio-weapon-from-milford-haven-library/ Petition for Milford Haven campaign]
• [https://mosquitoloiteringsolutions.com/ The Mosquito Device]
• [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/4768213.stm BBC article discussing its use in Wales]
• [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5434687 NPR article with an mp3 download of the tone]
• [https://www.popville.com/2021/09/high-pitched-beeping-buzzing-dc-dupont-circle/ “there has been a very high-pitched beeping/buzzing around Dupont Circle”], Popville.com

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Category:Ageism

Category:Crime prevention

Category:Discrimination against the homeless

Category:Noise

Category:Torture

Category:Youth rights