The Turkish Bath

File:Ingres Marville Bain Turc 1859.jpg

File:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres - La Baigneuse Valpinçon.jpg, 1808. Louvre, Paris.]]

File:Ingres Femme aux trois bras.jpg, Montauban.]]

The painting is known for its subtle colourisation, especially the very pale skin of the women resting in the privacy of a bathing area. The figures are given an almost abstract and "slender and sinuous" form,{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} and seem at times to lack skeleton. They are arranged in a very harmonious, circular manner, a curved arrangement that heightens the eroticism of the painting. Its charge is in part achieved through the use of motifs that include the implied haze of Oriental perfume, and the inclusion of vases, running water, fruit and jewels, as well as a palette that ranges from pale white to pink, ivory, light greys and a variety of browns.{{cite book|last=Magi|first=Giovanna|title=The Grand Louvre and the Musée D'Orsay|publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi|date=1998|page=50}}

The choice to convert the painting to a tondo both centralises the composition and adds a voyeuristic element to the composition as the viewer observes the naked women through the oculus. This effect is highlighted as we know Ingres never travelled beyond Europe so his romantic vision of the Bathers is totally idealised.{{Cite journal |last=Loughery |first=John |date=2002 |title=The Romantic Impulse |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3853323 |journal=The Hudson Review |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=645–652 |doi=10.2307/3853323 |jstor=3853323 |issn=0018-702X|url-access=subscription }}

Ingres relished the irony of producing an erotic work in his old age, painting an inscription of his age (AETATIS LXXXII, "at age 82") on the work—in 1867 he told others that he still retained "all the fire of a man of thirty years".{{cite book|last1=Hagen|first1=Rose-Marie|last2=Hagen|first2=Rainer|title=Les dessous des chefs-d'oeuvre|location=Köln|publisher=Taschen|date=2000|pages=410–415}}{{cite book|last=Pach|first=Walter|title=Ingres|location=New York|publisher=Hacker Art Books|date=1973|page=158}} He did not paint this work from live models, but from croquis and several of his earlier paintings, reusing "bather" and "odalisque" figures he had drawn or painted as single figures on beds or beside a bath.

The figure from The Valpinçon Bather appears almost identically as the central element of the later composition, but now plays a mandolin. The woman in the background with her arm extended and holding a cup resembles the sitter in his portrait of Madame Moitessier (1856). The face of the woman with her arms raised above her head in the near right is similar to a croquis (1818) of the artist's wife, Delphine Ramel, though her right shoulder is lowered while her right arm is raised. The other bodies are juxtaposed in various unlit areas behind them.

Ingres drew from a wide variety of painterly sources, including 19th-century academic art, Neoclassicism and late Mannerism.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} The colourisation is one of "chastising coolness", while figures merge into each other in a manner that evokes sexuality, but ultimately is intended to show Ingres's skill at defying rational perspective.

Ingres was influenced by the contemporary fashion for Orientalism, relaunched by Napoleon's invasion of Egypt. On leaving for Italy in 1806, he copied in his notebooks a text extolling "the baths of the seraglio of Mohammed", in which can be read a description of a harem where one "goes into a room surrounded by sofas [...] and it is there that many women destined for this use attend the sultana in the bath, wiping her handsome body and rubbing the softest perfumes into her skin; it is there that she must then take a voluptuous rest".{{cite book|title=Catalogue de l'exposition du Louvre: Le Bain turc d'Ingres|location=Paris|date=1971|pages=4–5}}

File:La grande piscine de brousse.jpg, Women at a Bath, (La grande piscine de Brousse, The Great Bath at Bursa) Salon of 1885. Hermitage, St. Petersburg Museum of Western and Oriental Art]]

In 1825, he copied a passage from Letters from the Orient by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who had accompanied her British diplomat husband to the Ottoman Empire in 1716. Her letters had been re-published eight times in France alone between 1763 and 1857,{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} adding to the Orientalist craze. The passage Ingres copied was entitled "Description of the women's bath at Adrianople" and reads: "I believe there were two hundred women there in all. Beautiful naked women in various poses... some conversing, others at their work, others drinking coffee or tasting a sorbet, and many stretched out nonchalantly, whilst their slaves (generally ravishing girls of 17 or 18 years) plaited their hair in fantastical shapes."{{cite book|last=Montagu|first=Lady Mary|title=L'islam au péril des femmes, une Anglaise en Turquie au XVIIe siècle|location=Paris|date=1981|page=133}} Literary critic Ruth Yeazell opines that the environment of The Turkish Bath bears little resemblance to the public bathing described by Lady Montagu.{{cite journal|last=Yeazell|first=Ruth Bernard|title=Public Baths and Private Harems: Lady Mary Worley Montagu and the Origins of Ingres's Bain Turc|journal=Yale Journal of Criticism|volume=7|number=1|date=Spring 1994|page=116}}

In contrast to Eugène Delacroix, who visited an Algerian harem, Ingres never travelled to Africa or the Middle East, and the courtesans shown are more Caucasian and European than Middle Eastern or African in appearance.Ali, Isra (2015). "The Harem Fantasy in Nineteenth-Century Orientalist Paintings". Dialectical Anthropology. 39 (1): 33–46. For Ingres the oriental theme was above all a pretext for portraying the female nude in a passive and sexual context. Exotic elements are few and far between in the image: musical instruments, a censer and a few ornaments.

The painter's first buyer was a relation of Napoleon III, but he handed it back some days later, his wife having found it "unsuitable" ("peu convenable"). It was purchased in 1865 by Khalil Bey, a former Turkish diplomat who added it to his collection of erotic paintings.{{cite journal|last=Haskill|first=Francis|title=A Turk and His Pictures in Nineteenth-Century Paris|journal=Oxford Art Review|volume=5|number=1|date=1982|pages=40–47|doi=10.1093/oxartj/5.1.40}}

Edgar Degas demanded that The Turkish Bath be shown at the Exposition Universelle (1855), in the wake of which came contrasting reactions: Paul Claudel, for example, compared it to a "cake full of maggots". At the start of the 20th century, patrons wished to offer The Turkish Bath to the Louvre, but the museum's council refused it twice.{{cite book|author1-last=Hagen|author1-first=Rose-Marie|author2-last=Hagen|author2-first=Rainer|title=What Great Paintings Say|location=Köln|publisher=Taschen GmbH|date=2003|volume=1|page=415}} After the national collections of Munich offered to buy it, the Louvre finally accepted it in 1911, thanks to a gift by the Société des amis du Louvre, to whom the patron Maurice Fenaille made a three-year interest-free loan of 150,000 Francs for the purpose.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

The Turkish Bath has inspired many modern artists. It can be seen in Félix Vallotton's 1907 painting Le Bain turc, in Pablo Picasso's Les demoiselles d'Avignon or in Tamara de Lempicka's Femmes au bain (1922).{{Cite book |last1=Cuzin |first1=Jean-Pierre |title=INGRES, regards croisés |last2=Salmon |first2=Dimitri |publisher=Mengès/Réunion des Musées Nationaux |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-844-59129-6 |location=Paris |pages=148, 151, 170, 187, 193, 199, 208 |language=fr}} Its influence became even more noticeable from the 1960s onwards through numerous appropriations. Among the most explicit references to Ingres's Turkish Bath are Martial Raysse's Made in Japan, a Turkish and Implausible Painting (1965), Robert Rauschenberg's Revolver I (1967), Harry Nadler's Le Bain turc (1968) and, in the pop style, Robert Ballagh's The Turkish Bath after Ingres (1970).

It precisely is because so many artists have referred to it that Ingres's Turkish Bath caught the attention of the painter Herman Braun-Vega, who considers Ingres a pivotal figure between classical and modern painting.{{Cite journal |last=Case |first=William D. |date=November 1972 |title=Herman Braun |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/1182/category/press |journal=Arts Magazine |pages=76 |quote=Braun has concluded that Ingres is, in a sense, the principal figure behind contemporary art, a pivotal figure who marks the break with the old, established language of art and heralds the period of invention that has continued to our own day. Le Bain Turc first attracted his attention precisely because so many other artists has made reference to it}} Le bain turc à New York is a series of 15 variations on Ingres's Turkish Bath created in 1972 by Braun-Vega for exhibition at the Lerner-Heller Gallery in New York.{{Cite journal |title=Braun en el "Baño Turco" |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/579 |journal=El Comercio |language=es |location=Lima}} Braun-Vega moves Ingres's painting into modern contexts, depicting Ingres's bathers in scenes of everyday life in New York, on the streets, on the beach, or surrounding them with contemporary elements such as milk cartons and newspapers, creating a dialogue between past and present that is part of his exploration of the legacy of the great classics of painting in modern art.{{Cite journal |date=December 1972 |title=Herman Braun |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/3097/category/press |journal=Art News |pages=73 |quote=At Lerner-Heller, painter Herman Braun showed a series of works exploring the art historical idea that "modern art is a direct and lineal descendant of all so-called classic art that preceded it." Braun explored this concept with a group of paintings, painted constructions and sketches all based, to varying degrees, on Ingres' famous Turkish Bath. In Braun's 15 incarnations of the latter the viewer saw Ingres' voluptuous female bathers at the beach, on the streets of New York [...], and in some Surreally updated versions of their natural Turkish bath habitat, complete with pop/style cartons of milk and yesterday's newspaper.}} The notion of heritage is also central to the painting Caramba! in which Braun-Vega claims to be the heir of Velazquez, Goya, Rembrandt, Ingres, Cézanne, Matisse and Picasso, Ingres being represented by the Turkish Bath.{{Cite book |last=Chalumeau |first=Jean-Luc |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/907/category/58-la_nouvelle_figuration |title=La Nouvelle Figuration |publisher=Cercle d’Art |year=2004 |isbn=978-2702206980 |location=Paris |pages=169 |language=fr |quote=Caramba!, tableau de groupe, réunion de famille. Dans le fond à droite, expliqua-t-il, à côté de la porte, un pan de mur recouvert d'un papier peint de Matisse, sur lequel on peut voir accroché Le Bain Turc d'Ingres.}} When Braun-Vega does not use Ingres's tondo to express his artistic filiation, he can use it, for example, to express social criticism. Thus, in Le Bain à Barranco (Ingres), classical figures of The Turkish Bath are confronted with indigenous Peruvians, highlighting cultural and economic disparities.{{Cite book |last=Chalumeau |first=Jean-Luc |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/2501/category/497-coca_cola_dans_l_art#bain |title=Coca-Cola dans l'art |publisher=éd. Du Chêne |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-842-77916-0 |location=Paris |pages=180–185 |language=fr |trans-title=Coca-Cola in art |quote=Ingres et Coca-Cola représentent tous deux, pour Braun-Vega, des « colonisations culturelles » : il laisse entendre quelle est celle, à tout prendre, qui aurait ses préférences. Mais les choses sont ainsi (es así) et il n'y a pas à y revenir. En tant qu'artiste, il « métisse » les deux colonisations culturelles pour en donner une version synthétique personnelle : une nouvelle culture en somme.}} Other Braun-Vega paintings also refer to The Turkish bath, including La papaye au bain (Picasso, Ingres, El Greco),{{Cite book |last1=Salmon |first1=Dimitri |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/3240/category/628-ingres_et_les_modernes |title=Ingres et les modernes |last2=Cuzin |first2=Jean-Pierre |last3=Viguier-Dutheil |first3=Florence |collaboration=Musée Ingres, Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Ville de Montauban, with the exceptional collaboration of the musée du Louvre |publisher=Somogy |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-7572-0242-5 |location=Montauban |pages=215, 264–265 |language=fr}} Le Bain à Cantolao ou 8,7 = rideau (Ingres), Etat critique (Ingres, Picasso),{{Cite web |last=Braun-Vega |first=Herman |date=2000 |title=Etat critique (Ingres, Picasso) |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/989 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=braunvega.com |type=Acrylic on canvas, 162 x 130 cm}} L'artiste et ses modeles (Ingres),{{Cite journal |last=Capdevila |first=Lauro |date=November–December 2012 |title=Entretien avec le critique Lauro Capdevila |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/2060/category/455-espaces_latinos_n%C2%B0_273 |journal=Espaces Latinos |issue=273 |pages=18}} Matisse maîtrise couleurs et lumières avec ses ciseaux.{{Cite book |last=Noorbergen |first=Christian |url=https://braunvega.com/picture?/620/category/unesco2018 |title=Herman Braun-Vega : Fenêtres d'art, d'âme et de vie |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru – Representation of Peru to UNESCO |year=2018 |location=Paris |pages=78 |type=exhibition catalog}}

In 1973, Welsh-born American feminist artist Sylvia Sleigh painted a riposte to the male gaze of Ingres with a painting of the same name. But her The Turkish Bath is gender-reversed, depicting male nudes – some in similar positions to those of the women in the Ingres original.{{cite web |author=Sleigh, Sylvia |title=Turkish bath: the human figure and artistic process |publisher=University of Chicago, via YouTube| date=2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miJtxWpORGA |access-date=23 April 2025}}

• List of paintings by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
• Orientalism
• Hammam
• Seraglio
• Haremlik
• 100 Great Paintings, 1980 BBC series

{{reflist}}

• [https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/turkish-bath The Turkish Bath, Musée du Louvre]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721023356/http://mucri.univ-paris1.fr/mucri11/article.php3?id_article=115&var_recherche=makarius Un rêve oriental] {{in lang|fr}} by Michel Makarius, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100909112116/http://mucri.univ-paris1.fr/mucri11/ Musée critique de la Sorbonne]
• [http://www.mheu.org/en/bathing/ Bathing, Musée historique environnement urbain]

{{Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres}}

{{Louvre Museum}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkish Bath, The}}

Category:Paintings by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Category:1862 paintings

Category:Paintings in the Louvre by French artists

Category:Nude paintings of women

Category:Musical instruments in art

Category:Dance in art

Category:Bathing in art

Category:Erotic art