The Zoologist

{{Infobox journal

| title = The Zoologist

| image = The Zoologist, 1st series, vol 1 CoverJanuary.png

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption = cover of first issue

| former_name =

| abbreviation = Zoologist

| discipline = Zoology

| peer-reviewed =

| language = en

| editor = E. Newman (1843–1876),
J.E. Harting (1876–1896),
W.L. Distant (1897–1916)

| publisher = John Van Voorst (1843–1886), Simpkin, Marshall & Co. (1886–1915), West, Newman & Co. (1897–1916)

| country = United Kingdom

| history = 1843–1916

| frequency = monthly

| openaccess =

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}}

The Zoologist was a monthly natural history magazine established in 1843 by Edward Newman and published in London. Newman acted as editor-in-chief until his death in 1876, when he was succeeded, first by James Edmund Harting (1876–1896), and later by William Lucas Distant (1897–1916).

Originating from an enlargement of The Entomologist, The Zoologist described itself as "an illustrated monthly magazine of natural history", but also as a "journal for recording facts & anecdotes relating to quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, annelides, insects, worms, zoophytes, &c." and it aimed at describing "their habits, food, retreats, occasional appearance, migrations, nests and young."{{cite wikisource

| title = Title page of first issue

| journal = The Zoologist

| editor-last = Newman | editor-first = Edward | editor-link = Edward Newman (entomologist)

| series = 1

| volume = 1

| date = January 1843

| wslink = The Zoologist/1st series, vol. 1 (1843)#Title

}} It contained long articles, short notes, comments on current events, and book reviews covering the entire Animal Kingdom throughout the world, until The Entomologist was separated again in 1864. Initially, half of the space was devoted to birds, rising to two-thirds later.{{sfn|Bourne|1995|pp=3}}

In 1916 The Zoologist was amalgamated with British Birds.

Founders

The Zoologist was one of the projects of the "entepreneurial scientific printer and publisher" Edward Newman. He was an entomologist with a wide network of contacts with other naturalists, and one of the founders of the Entomological Society of London in 1833. Apart from being a printer and publisher, he also published himself on a wide range of subjects.{{sfnp|Wale|n.d.}}

The idea behind The Zoologist was, rather than (only) publishing articles by experts, to rely on its readers to furnish it with material. Apart from the commercial aspect, this was also a demonstration of an early belief in the power of citizen science by its founder.{{sfnp|Wale|n.d.}}

Newman was strongly inspired by the 18th century parson-naturalist Gilbert White, who wrote The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, published in 1789, and reprinted hundreds of times since.See for instance his preface to the first volume of The Zoologist: {{cite wikisource |

| last = Newman | first = Edward | author-link = Edward Newman (entomologist)

| date = 1843

| title = Preface

| journal = The Zoologist

| series = 1

| volume = 1

| page = v

| wslink = The Zoologist/1st series, vol. 1 (1843)#Preface

}}

Newman can be characterised as a typical representative of the English popular science periodical editor of the nineteenth century.{{cite journal

| last = Susan Sheets-Pyenson

| date = 1985

| title = Popular science periodicals in Paris and London: The emergence of a low scientific culture, 1820–1875

| journal = Annals of Science

| volume = 42

| issue = 6

| pages = 549–572

| doi = 10.1080/00033798500200361

| pmid = 11620778

}} See especially p. 561. Sheets-Pyenson first suggested the word "low science" for periodicals that attempted to "establish their own canons of scientific investigation, criticism, and explanation." (p. 551) See also {{harvp|Wale|2022|p=4}} He had already contributed to the Magazine of Natural History; he edited and printed the Entomological Magazine from 1832 to 1836, and then the Entomologist from 1840 to 1842.

In 1889, James Edmund Harting, who was then the editor of The Zoologist, wrote an extensive memorial (of nearly twenty-two pages) for Frederick Bond. In this text he reminded that Bond was "one of those who—with the brothers Doubleday, Thomas Bell, William Borrer, Bree, Couch, W.B. Fisher, J.H. Gurney, Hewitson, Waring Kidd, A.E. Knox, Bodd, Salmon, Frederick Smith, William Thompson, and Yarrell (...)—helped the late Edward Newman to found" The Zoologist.{{cite journal

| last = Harting | first = J. E. | author-link = James Edmund Harting

| date = 1889

| title = Memoir of the late Frederick Bond, F.Z.S., F.E.S.

| journal = The Zoologist

| volume = 3rd series, vol. 13

| issue = 155, November

| pages = 401–422

| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28541800

}}

Editors

The first editor of The Zoologist was Edward Newman. He died in 1876. Volume 11 of the second series, the thirty-fourth volume of the journal, was the last volume with which he was connected.

The third series, starting in 1877 and ending in 1896, was edited by James Edmund Harting.

William Lucas Distant was the editor of the fourth series, from 1878 to 1914 (vol. 18).

The last two volumes of the fourth series, and of the journal, were edited by Frank Finn.

Four series

The Zoologist appeared in four series:

First series: 1843–1865 (vols. 1–23)
Second series: 1866–1876 (vols. 1–10)
Third series: 1877–1896 (vols. 1–20)
Fourth series: 1897–1916 (vols. 1–20)

= First series, 1843–1865 =

The first series of The Zoologist was edited by Edward Newman and published by John Van Voorst in London. From the beginning Newman received contributions from many naturalists. In the first year for instance John Christopher Atkinson, Henry Doubleday, John Henry Gurney Sr., Frederick Bond, and William Yarrell wrote articles. Newman also contributed articles himself.

In general, the first volumes were published in monthly issues of 32 pages, and also as an annual.{{cite journal

| last = Newman | first = Edward | author-link = Edward Newman (entomologist) | author-mask = Newman, Edward (ed.)

| date = 1843

| title = Advertisement

| journal = The Zoologist

| series = 1

| volume = 1

| pages = xvi

| url = https://archive.org/details/zoologist2526lond/page/n19/mode/1up

}} The pages were numbered continuously, so for instance the first issue of the fourth volume (January 1846) was numbered pp. 1201–1232 and the twelfth issue of the twenty-third volume (December 1865) was numbered 9825–9848.

= Second series, 1866–1876 =

The second series, containing eleven volumes, was also edited by Newman. Starting in January 1866, the page numbering started anew on page 1 and ended with page 5180 in December 1876.

= Third series, 1877–1896 =

Editor: James Edmund Harting.

= Fourth series, 1897–1916 =

Editor of the fourth series was William Lucas Distant, until 1914. Distant mentioned in his 'Valedictory Address' "the substitution of the camera for the gun, more especially among ornithologists."{{cite journal

| author = W.L. Distant

| date = 1914

| title = Valedictory Address

| journal = The Zoologist

| series = 4

| volume = 18

| pages = iv

| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40930104

}} The last two volumes of the journal were edited by Frank Finn. Starting in January 1917 The Zoologist was incorporated in British Birds (founded 1908).{{cite journal

|date=1917-01-01

|journal=British Birds

|volume=10

|issue=8

|title="The Zoologist"

|url=https://britishbirds.co.uk/content/zooloogist

}} See also:

[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9422339 title page of vol. 10, issue 8] of British Birds—the first issue with the text "With which is incorporated 'The Zoologist'".

Starting with the first issue of the new series the summaries of the proceedings of the scientific societies were no longer a part of the journal.

In 1899 Edmund Selous wrote his first articles, in The Zoologist, about his observations near a nest of Nightjars (Caprimulgus europaeus).{{sfn|Selous|1899}} A year later he published his study on "the Great Plover", the Eurasian stone-curlew, Burhinus oedicnemus. {{sfn|Selous|1900}}

In 1899 Henry Eliot Howard published his first articles in the magazine, about birds in North Worcestershire and in the North-West of Ireland.{{sfn|Howard|1899a}}{{sfn|Howard|1899b}}

In 1900 the naturalist Arthur Henry Patterson published the first part of his study on the birds of Great Yarmouth and surroundings.{{sfn|Patterson|1900–1901}}

Articles

Among the numerous articles that appeared in The Zoologist over the years were:

{{cite wikisource

| last = Davenport |first=Henry Saunderson |author-link=Henry Saunderson Davenport

| date = 1899

| title = Original sketches of British birds

| wslink = Original sketches of British birds (Davenport 1899)

| publisher=The Zoologist, 4th series, vol. 3, issue 691 (January), pp. 1–17, issue 695 (May), pp. 198–212 and issue 701 (November 1899), pp. 506–510

}}

{{cite wikisource

| last = Salter |first=John Henry |author-link=John Henry Salter

| date = 1899

| title = Ornithological Notes from Northern Norway

| wslink = The Zoologist/4th series, vol. 3 (1899)/Issue 692/Ornithological Notes from Northern Norway, Salter

| publisher=The Zoologist, 4th series, vol. 3, issue 692 (February), pp. 54–71

}}

{{cite wikisource

| last = Aplin |first=Oliver Vernon |author-link=Oliver Vernon Aplin

| date = 1899

| title = Notes on the Birds of Belgium

| wslink = The Zoologist/4th series, vol. 3 (1899)/Issue 694/Notes on the Birds of Belgium, Aplin

| publisher=The Zoologist, 4th series, vol. 3, issue 694 (April), pp. 149–163

}}

{{cite wikisource

| last=Selous |first=Edmund |author-link=Edmund Selous

| date=1899

| title=An Observational Diary of the Habits of Nightjars (Caprimulgus europæus), Mostly of a Sitting Pair. Notes Taken at Time and on Spot

| wslink=An Observational Diary of the Habits of Nightjars, Selous 1899

| publisher=The Zoologist, 4th series, vol. 3, issue 699 (September 1899), pp. 388-402 and issue 701 (November 1899), pp. 486-505

}}

{{cite wikisource

| last = Selous | first = Edmund | author-link = :s:en:Author:Edmund Selous |author-mask = 2

| date = 1900

| title = An Observational Diary of the Habits of the Great Plover (Œdicnemus crepitans) during September and October

| wslink = An Observational Diary of the Habits of the Great Plover, Selous 1900

| publisher = The Zoologist, 4th series, vol. 4

}} (Published in three parts)

{{cite wikisource

| last=Howard |first=Henry Eliot |author-link=Henry Eliot Howard

| date=1899a

| title=Notes on Some Birds from North Worcestershire

| wslink=Notes on Some Birds from North Worcestershire, Howard 1899

| publisher=The Zoologist, 4th series, vol. 3, issue 696 (June 1899), p.259–261

}}

{{cite wikisource

| last=Howard |first=Henry Eliot |author-link=Henry Eliot Howard |author-mask=2

| date=1899b

| title=Ornithological Notes from the North-West of Ireland

| wslink=Ornithological Notes from the North-West of Ireland, Howard 1899

| publisher=The Zoologist, 4th series, vol. 3, issue 701 (November 1899), pp. 481–485

}}

{{cite wikisource

| last=Patterson |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Henry Patterson

| journal = The Zoologist

| date = 1900–1901

| title = The Birds of Great Yarmouth and the Neighbourhood

|wslink= The Birds of Great Yarmouth and the Neighbourhood, Patterson 1900-1901

|publisher=The Zoologist

}} (Published in five parts in vols. 4 and 5)

Warren, Amy (1879). "The land and freshwater Mollusca of Mayo and Sligo". The Zoologist. 3 (3): 25–29.{{Cite journal |last=Warren |first=Amy |date=1879 |title=The land and freshwater Mollusca of Mayo and Sligo |journal=The Zoologist |volume=3 |pages=25–29}}

References

Sources

{{cite journal

|date=1995-01-01

|journal=British Birds

|volume=88

|last=Bourne |first=dr. W.R.P.

|title=In memory of 'the Zoologist' 1843-1916

|pages=1–4

|url=https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/article_files/V88/V88_N01/V88_N01_P001_004_A001.pdf

}}

{{cite web

| last = Wale | first = Matthew

| date = n.d.

| title = The Zoologist (1843-1916)

| url = https://conscicom.web.ox.ac.uk/article/the-zoologist-1843-1916

| website = Constructing Scientific Communities

| access-date = 2023-12-02

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221207163748/https://conscicom.web.ox.ac.uk/article/the-zoologist-1843-1916

| archive-date = 2022-12-07

| url-status = live

}}

{{cite book

| last = Wale | first = Matthew

| date = 2022

| title = Making Entomologists: How Periodicals Shaped Scientific Communities in Nineteenth-Century Britain

| location = Pittsburgh PA

| publisher = University of Pittsburgh Press

| isbn = 9780822947516

}}

External links

{{Wikisource-inline}}
[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/40487 Digitised copies of all volumes] online at the Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Category:1843 establishments in the United Kingdom

Category:1916 disestablishments in the United Kingdom

Category:Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom

Category:History magazines published in the United Kingdom

Category:Journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology

Category:Defunct magazines published in London

Category:Magazines established in 1843

Category:Magazines disestablished in 1916

Category:Nature magazines

Category:Defunct wildlife magazines