The world wonders

During World War II, both basic and (for the time) sophisticated encryption ciphers were used. Some of these ciphers could be compromised through the recognition of predictable elements in the messages. For instance, messages might contain predictable intros or salutations such as "Dear" or "Sincerely". Today, this kind of vulnerability is referred to as a known-plaintext attack. At Bletchley Park, the Allies' codebreakers referred to these predictable elements as cribs, British schoolboy slang for a hidden cheat-sheet smuggled into a test or exam. Cribs, based on educated guesses about parts of the plaintext (German messages, for instance, often ended with the words "Heil Hitler"), were an invaluable part of the Allies' own code-breaking strategies.

To combat pattern recognition in encrypted messages, methods such as adding unique, non-relevant padding phrases were employed. For example, the US Navy during World War II might transform a simple message like "Halsey: Come home. - CINCPAC" into "Road less taken nn Halsey: Come home. - CINCPAC rr bacon and eggs" for encrypted transmission. The padding, marked by two-character words, was added before encoding and removed after decoding.

World War II was a pivotal period in the evolution of modern cryptography. While the ciphers of that era were vulnerable to techniques like known-plaintext attacks, the field has since advanced significantly, and modern ciphers are designed to be resistant to such vulnerabilities.

{{Main|Battle of Leyte Gulf}}

File:Destroyers laying smoke screen during Battle off Samar 1944.jpg, 25 October 1944. Note the splashes from Japanese shells.]]

On October 20, 1944, United States troops invaded the island of Leyte as part of a strategy aimed at isolating Japan from the resource-rich territory it had occupied in South East Asia, and in particular depriving its forces and industry of vital oil supplies. The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to defeat the Allied invasion.{{cite book |title=The Decisive Battles of the Western World |volume=III |last=Fuller |first=John F. C. | year=1956 |publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode |location=London }}{{cite book | chapter = Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945 |title=History of United States Naval Operations in World War II |volume=XII |last=Morison | first =Samuel E. |year=1956 |publisher=Little & Brown |location=Boston }} In the ensuing Battle of Leyte Gulf the Japanese intended to use ships commanded by Vice-Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa, "Northern Force", to lure the main American covering forces away from Leyte, thus allowing the main IJN forces, "Southern Force" and "Center Force", led by the 18-inch gunned super-battleship Yamato, the largest and most powerful ship afloat, to attack the invasion force in a pincer movement. Northern Force would be built around the four aircraft carriers of the 3rd Carrier Division ({{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuikaku||2}}—the last survivor of the six carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941—and the light carriers {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Zuihō||2}}, {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Chitose||2}}, and {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Chiyoda||2}}), but these would have very few aircraft or trained aircrew, serving merely as "bait".{{cite book| chapter-url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_21.htm| chapter = Chapter 21: Luzon Versus Formosa| last = Smith| first = Robert Ross| title = Command Decisions| url = http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm| publisher = United States Army Center of Military History| id = CMH Pub 70-7| year = 2000| orig-year = 1960| access-date = 8 December 2007| archive-date = 30 December 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm| url-status = dead}}

Halsey, in command of the mobile naval forces covering the invasion's northern flank, fell for the ruse, and convinced that Northern Force constituted the main Japanese threat, proceeded northward in pursuit with the carriers of 3rd Fleet and a powerful force of battleships, designated Task Force 34. This left the landing beaches covered only by sixteen escort carriers with about 450 aircraft from the 7th Fleet. On the morning of the 25th a strong Japanese force of battleships slipped through the San Bernardino Strait headed toward the American landing forces,{{cite book |title=The Battle for Leyte Gulf |last=Woodward |first=C. Vann |year=1947 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York }} prompting their commander, Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, to send a desperate plaintext message asking for support.{{cite book | last= Kahn | title = The Codebreakers |chapter= Chapter 17: The Scrutable Orientals|publisher= Scribner| isbn = 978-0-684-83130-5| year = 1996| orig-year = 1967 | page=609 |quote=...Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid sent, in clear, a desperate call for the gunfire of Task Force 34 ships.}}

When Nimitz, at CINCPAC headquarters in Hawaii, saw Kinkaid's plea for help he sent a message to Halsey, simply asking for the current location of Task Force 34, which due to a previous misunderstanding, was unclear:

{{quote |Where is, repeat, where is Task Force Thirty Four?}}

With the addition of metadata including routing and classification information, as well as the padding at the head and tail, the entire plaintext message to be encoded and transmitted to Halsey was:

{{quote |TURKEY TROTS TO WATER GG FROM CINCPAC ACTION COM THIRD FLEET INFO COMINCH CTF SEVENTY-SEVEN X WHERE IS RPT WHERE IS TASK FORCE THIRTY FOUR RR THE WORLD WONDERS{{cite book|last=Tuohy|first=William|title=America's Fighting Admirals: Winning the War at Sea in World War II|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|year=2007|isbn=9780760329856|url=https://archive.org/details/americasfighting00tuoh}}}}

U.S. Navy procedure called for the padding to be added to the start and end of the message, which were vulnerable to cryptanalysis due to the use of common phrases and words (such as "Yours sincerely") in those sections.{{cite book | last= Kahn | title = The Codebreakers |chapter= Chapter 17: The Scrutable Orientals|publisher= Scribner| isbn = 978-0-684-83130-5| year = 1996| orig-year = 1967 | page=609 |quote=Naval communications procedure called for the head and tail of messages -- their most vulnerable points -- to be concealed by nulls consisting of meaningless words.}} The words chosen for padding should have been obviously irrelevant to the actual message, however Nimitz's enciphering clerk used a phrase that "[just] popped into my head".{{cite book | last= Kahn | title = The Codebreakers |chapter= Chapter 17: The Scrutable Orientals|publisher= Scribner| isbn = 978-0-684-83130-5| year = 1996| orig-year = 1967 | page=609 |quote=This "padding" was supposed to be totally alien to the text, but the enciphering ensign at Pearl Harbor violated that rule when he used a phrase that was 'just something that popped into my head'}} Historians note similarity to Lord Tennyson's poem "The Charge of the Light Brigade" about the eponymous battle, which was also fought on October 25{{Cite book|last=Hornfischer, James D.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53019787|title=The last stand of the tin can sailors|date=2004|publisher=Bantam Books|isbn=0-553-80257-7|location=New York|pages=213|oclc=53019787}} (of 1854), as the poem twice contains the phrase "All the world wonder’d".

While decrypting and transcribing the message, Halsey's radio officer properly removed the leading phrase, but the trailing phrase looked appropriate and he seems to have thought it was intended and so left it in before passing it on to Halsey, who read it as:

{{quote |Where is, repeat, where is Task Force Thirty Four? The world wonders.}}

The structure tagging (the 'RR's) should have made clear that the phrase was in fact padding. In all the ships and stations that received the message, only the decoder on Halsey's flagship, {{USS|New Jersey|BB-62|6}}, failed to delete both padding phrases.{{cite book|last=Potter|first=E B|title=Bull Halsey|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2003|isbn=9781591146919|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bullhalsey00pott}}

The message (and its trailing padding) became infamous, and created some ill feeling, since it appeared to be a harsh criticism by Nimitz of Halsey's decision to pursue the decoy carriers and leave the landings uncovered. "I was stunned as if I had been struck in the face", Halsey later recalled. "The paper rattled in my hands, I snatched off my cap, threw it on the deck, and shouted something I am ashamed to remember", letting out an anguished sob.{{cite book| last = Thomas| first = Evan| title = Sea of thunder: four commanders and the last great naval campaign, 1941–1945| publisher = Simon and Schuster| year = 2006| isbn = 9780743252218| url = https://archive.org/details/seaofthunderfour00thom}} RADM Robert Carney, Halsey's chief of staff (who had argued strongly in favor of pursuing the carriers), witnessed Halsey's emotional outburst and reportedly grabbed him by the shoulders and shook him, shouting, "Stop it! What the hell's the matter with you? Pull yourself together!" Recognizing his failure, Halsey ordered his fleet south, however the chase north had exhausted the fuel of his light escorts and more time was wasted refueling while Taffy 3 (Task Unit 77.4.3, commanded by Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague) was fighting for its life. Halsey returned to Samar with his two fastest battleships, three light cruisers and eight destroyers, but he arrived too late to have any impact on the battle.{{cite book | last = Miller | first = Nathan |title = War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = US | year=1997| isbn = 9780195110388}}

{{more|Battle off Samar}}

{{notelist}}

• {{cite book |author=Miller, Nathan |title=The U. S. Navy: an illustrated history |publisher=Bonanza Books | location =New York |year=1982 |orig-year=1977 |pages=366–71 |isbn=0-517-38597-X |oclc=8493587}}

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Category:History of cryptography

Category:Battle of Leyte Gulf

Category:Naval signals

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Category:Political quotes

Category:Quotations from military

Category:1944 quotations