Theo Osterkamp
{{Short description|German fighter pilot}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Theo Osterkamp
|birth_date={{Birth date|1892|4|15|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1975|1|2|1892|4|15|df=y}}
|birth_place=Düren, Rhine Province, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
|death_place=Baden-Baden, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany
|image=Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R22853, Theodor Osterkamp.png
|image_size=
|caption=Osterkamp in 1918
|birth_name=Paul Louis Theodor Osterkamp
|nickname=Onkel (Uncle){{sfn|Van Wyngarden|Franks|2004|p=24}}
|allegiance={{unbulleted list| {{flag|German Empire}} | {{flag|Weimar Republic}} | {{flag|Nazi Germany}}}}
|branch={{navy|German Empire}}
{{flagicon image|Regulation WW II Upperwing Balkenkreuz.png}} Luftwaffe
|serviceyears=1914–1944
|rank=Generalleutnant (major general)
|commands=JG 51
|unit=
|battles=
{{plainlist|
World War I
World War II
}}
|awards={{unbulleted list| House Order of Hohenzollern | Pour le Mérite | Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross}}
|laterwork=
}}
Theodor "Theo" Osterkamp (15 April 1892 – 2 January 1975){{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33, 55}} was a German fighter pilot during World War I and World War II. A flying ace, he achieved 32 victories in World War I.{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=55}} In World War II, he led Jagdgeschwader 51 up to the Battle of Britain and claimed a further six victories during World War II, in the process becoming one of only a few men to score victories and become an ace in both world wars.
Early life and World War I
Osterkamp was born in Rölsdorf near Düren, West Germany, and grew up in Aschersleben,{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33}} modern day Saxony-Anhalt. He was born in 1892 as the second son of the factory owner Hermann Osterkamp and Anna Wilhelmine née Blank. Osterkamp received his Abitur from the Gymnasium in Dessau. His schoolmates in Dessau included the future pilots Oswald Boelcke and Gotthard Sachsenberg.{{sfn|Sternal|2019|p=24}}
When the First World War started he was studying forestry but decided to enlist in the German Army.{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33}} He was rejected for service due to his "slight build"{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33}} and he instead enlisted in the Marinefliegerkorps in August 1914.{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33}} He then flew with the 2. Marine-Fliegerabteilung in Flanders. During 1915–1916, he served as an air observer, and became the first German pilot to fly a land-based aircraft to England on a reconnaissance-mission. Osterkamp claimed his first (but unconfirmed) kill on 6 September 1916 as an observer to pilot Leutnant zur See Wilhelm Mattheus in a LVG C.II two-seater aircraft.{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33}} In March 1917, he joined the Kampffliegerschule (Combat pilot school) in Putzig and then joined Marine Feld Jagdstaffel 1 on the 14th of April 1917{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33}} On 21 March 1917, Leutnant Osterkamp took command of Marine Feld Jagdstaffel 2 {{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=39}} He scored a total of 32 victories during the war,{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=55}} and was awarded the Prussian military order Pour le Mérite{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=55}} on 2 September 1918,{{sfn|Sumner|2005|p=63}} and was one of the last individuals to receive it.
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2008-1016-509, Theo Osterkamp mit Kameraden.jpg.]]
Interwar years
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2008-1016-508, Hamburg, Trauung Theo Osterkamp, Fel Gudrun Pagge.jpg
Osterkamp joined the new Luftwaffe on 1 August 1933 with the rank of Hauptmann.{{sfn|Weal|2006|p=7}} He also participated in the second, third and fourth FAI International Tourist Plane Contest Challenge 1930 (11th place), Challenge 1932 (12th place) and Challenge 1934 (5th place).{{sfn|Weal|2006|p=7}} On 1 April 1935, Osterkamp was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 132 "Richthofen" (JG 132—132nd Fighter Wing), the first commander of this newly created Staffel. On 15 March 1936, Osterkamp transferred command of 4. Staffel to Hauptmann Clemens Graf von Schönborn-Wiesentheid.{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000a|p=137}} Osterkamp was then appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 134 "Horst Wessel" (JG 134—134th Fighter Wing). He held this position until November 1937 when he was transferred to the Jagdfliegerschule Werneuchen, later (JFS 1).{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000a|p=349}}
World War II
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-B12018, Geburtstag Theo Osterkamp, Gäste.jpg and Werner Mölders attending Theo Osterkamp's birthday on 15 April 1941.]]
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 19 September, Oberst Osterkamp was appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing).{{sfn|Weal|2006|p=7}} During the Battle of France, he claimed four victories.{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=33, 55}} During the Kanalkampf period of the Battle of Britain in July 1940, he claimed a further two victories, (a Bristol Blenheim on 1 June and a Spitfire on 13 July 1940) bringing his total to six. He was replaced as commander of JG 51 by Werner Mölders on 23 July with the latter formally taking command on the 27 July.{{sfn|Weal|2006|p=26}}{{sfn|Weal|2006|p=27}} Promoted to Generalmajor, Osterkamp was awarded his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 August 1940.{{sfn|Weal|2006|p=31}} Following his replacement in JG 51, Osterkamp was appointed Jagdfliegerführer 2, the commander of fighter aircraft in Luftflotte 2.For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organisation of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
On 1 August 1942, he was transferred to Luftgaustab z.b.V. Afrika. On 5 April 1943, he was appointed Jagdfliegerführer Sizilien and served until replaced on 15 June by Adolf Galland. He then served in a number of staff positions until being appointed Inspekteur der Luftwaffen-Bodenorganisation (Inspector of Luftwaffe ground organisation) in 1944. His criticism of the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe High Command) led to his dismissal from service in December 1944.{{sfn|Goss|2018|p=66}}
Post-war career
In 1960, he was appointed honorary chairman of the Gemeinschaft der Jagdflieger, the Association of Fighter Pilots.{{Cite web |work=Gemeinschaft der Flieger deutscher Streitkräfte e.V. |title=Namhafte Persönlichkeiten |url=https://fliegergemeinschaft.de/persoenlichkeiten/index.php |language=de |access-date=7 February 2014}}
Summary of career
=Aerial victory claims=
Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 31 aerial victory claims, plus six further unconfirmed claims during World War I and three further unconfirmed claims during World War II. This number includes 29 claims during the World War I and two on the Western Front of World War II.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|pp=941–942}}
| class="wikitable plainrowheaders collapsible" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:right; width: 100%;" |
| colspan="10" | Chronicle of aerial victories |
|---|
| colspan="10" style="text-align: left;" |
{{legend2|#e3d9ff|This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Osterkamp did not receive credit.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#faecc8|This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} |
| scope="col"| Claim
!scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col"| Type !scope="col"| Location !scope="col" style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | Claim !scope="col"| Date !scope="col"| Time !scope="col"| Type !scope="col"| Location |
| colspan="10" | World War I |
| colspan="10" | – Marine Feld Jagdstaffel 1 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=941}} April – September 1917 |
| 1
| 30 April 1917 | {{Center|—}} | Nieuport | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 4 | 11 July 1917 | 21:45 | north of Veurne |
| 2
| 12 May 1917 | {{Center|—}} | Ostend | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 5 | 12 July 1917 | 21:00 | Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 | Zandvoorde |
| 3
| 5 June 1917 | {{Center|—}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 6 | 24 September 1917 | {{Center|—}} | west of Westrozebeke |
| colspan="10" | – Marine Feld Jagdstaffel 2 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|pp=941–942}} March – September 1918 |
| 7
| 16 March 1918 | 15:55 | Sopwith Camel | {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Pervijze | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 20 | 12 August 1918 | 20:50 | Sopwith Camel[https://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/osterkamp.php Sopwith Camel (D9507)17th Aero Squadron 1Lt R D Gracie] | Ramskapelle |
| 8
| 26 March 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Sopwith Camel | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 12 August 1918 | 20:50 | Sopwith Camel |
| 9
| 23 April 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Sopwith Camel | north of Ostend | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 12 August 1918 | 21:00 | north of Oostkerke |
| 10
| 25 April 1918 | {{Center|—}} | SPAD S.VII | Pervijze | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 15 August 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Martinsyde G.100 | Ostend |
| 11
| 11 May 1918 | 17:02 | Sopwith Camel[https://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/osterkamp.php Sopwith Camel (B7192) 213 Squadron Lt J Reid] | over sear near Bredene | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 21 | 16 August 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Airco DH.9[https://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/osterkamp.php D.H.9 (D7708) 218th Squadron] |
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}}
| 5 June 1918 | {{Center|—}} | SPAD S.VII | Pervijze | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 22 | 21 August 1918 | 14:00 | Airco DH.9 | over sea near Bredene[https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/151634-202-squadron/ RAF 202 Sqn DH4 D8420 damaged (Lt GR Hurst OK/Sgt LA Allen WIA) |
| 12
| 7 June 1918 | 13:10 | Sopwith Camel | Ramskapelle | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 23 | 23 August 1918 | 12:10 | Sopwith Camel | Pervijze |
| 13
| 12 June 1918 | 11:50 | southwest of Pervijze | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 30 August 1918 | 14:40 | Airco DH.9 | Ostend |
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}}
| 12 June 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Sopwith Camel | De Panne | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 24 | 16 September 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Sopwith Camel | Koksijde |
| 14
| 27 June 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Sopwith Camel | over sea near Wenduine | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 25 | 16 September 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Sopwith Camel | Koksijde |
| 15
| 28 June 1918 | 20:55 | Sopwith Camel | southwest of Lake Blankaat | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 26 | 20 September 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Sopwith Camel[https://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/osterkamp.php Sopwith Camel (D8205) 204 Squadron 2Lt CL Kelly] | Praatbos |
| 16
| 29 June 1918 | {{Center|—}} | southeast of Pervijze | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 27 | 28 September 1918 | 12:30 | Sopwith Camel | Woumen |
| 17
| 20 July 1918 | 10:25 | Sopwith Camel[https://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/osterkamp.php Sopwith Camel (D1938)17th Aero Squadron, 1Lt G P Glenn.] | east of Nieuport | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 28 | 28 September 1918 | 18:10 | Pierkenshoek |
| 18
| 25 July 1918 | 20:53 | Sopwith Camel | south of Nieuwpoort | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | 29 | 29 September 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Bréguet 14 | west of Zarren |
| 19
| 29 July 1918 | {{Center|—}} | Airco DH.4[https://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/germany/osterkamp.php D.H.4 (D8402) 202 Squadron ] | south of Oudekapelle | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |
| colspan="10" | World War II |
| colspan="10" | – Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=942}} Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940 |
| 1
| 12 May 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Soesterberg{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000b|p=265}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 31 May 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Dunkirk{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000b|p=265}} |
| style="background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}}
| 22 May 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Hawker Hurricane | Roubaix{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000b|p=265}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey; background:#e3d9ff;" | {{Center|—}} | 1 June 1940 | {{Center|—}} | style="background:#faecc8" | Bristol Blenheim?{{Refn|According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Hawker Hurricane.{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=942}}|group="Note"}} | Dunkirk{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2000b|p=265}} |
| colspan="10" | – Stab of Jagdgeschwader 51 –{{sfn|Mathews|Foreman|2015|p=942}} At the Channel and over England — 26 June – 23 July 1940 |
| 2
| 13 July 1940 | {{Center|—}} | Dover{{sfn|Prien|Stemmer|Rodeike|Bock|2002|p=11}} | style="border-left: 3px solid grey;" | | | | | |
=Awards and decorations=
- Kingdom of Prussia:
- Iron Cross 2nd Class & 1st Class{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=55}}
- Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, Knight's Cross with Swords
- Pour le Mérite{{sfn|Guttman|2012|p=55}} (2 September 1918){{sfn|Sumner|2005|p=63}}
- German Empire: Imperial Navy Pilot’s Badge
- Weimar Republic: Baltic Cross
- Duchy of Anhalt:
- House Order of Albert the Bear, Knight's Badge 2nd Class with Swords
- Friedrich Cross
- Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg: Hanseatic Cross
- Grand Duchy of Oldenburg: Friedrich August Cross 2nd Class & 1st Class
- Austria-Hungary: Military Merit Cross, 3rd Class with War Decoration
- Nazi Germany:
- Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 for Combatants
- Combined Pilot/Observer Badge
- Wehrmacht Long Service Award (Luftwaffe) 4th Class
- 1939 Clasp to the Iron Cross 2nd Class & 1st Class
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 August 1940 as Generalmajor and Jagdfliegerführer of Luftflotte 2{{sfn|Fellgiebel|2000|p=330}}{{refn|According to Scherzer as Jagdfliegerführer 1 for his achievements as Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 51.{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=579}}|group="Note"}}
Publications
- {{Cite book
|year=1938
|title=Du oder Ich. Deutsche Jagdflieger in Höhen und Tiefen
|trans-title=You or I. German Fighter Pilots at High and Low Altitude
|location=Berlin
|publisher=Nauck
|language=de
|oclc=935029409
|ref=none
}}
Notes
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}
References
=Citations=
{{Reflist|25em}}
=Bibliography=
- {{Cite book
|last=Fellgiebel
|first=Walther-Peer
|author-link=:de:Walther-Peer Fellgiebel
|year=2000
|orig-year=1986
|title=Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
|trans-title=The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches
|language=de
|location=Friedberg, Germany
|publisher=Podzun-Pallas
|isbn=978-3-7909-0284-6
}}
- {{Cite book
|last=Goss
|first=Chris
|year=2018
|title=Knights of the Battle of Britain — Luftwaffe Aircrew Awarded the Knight's Cross in 1940
|location=Yorkshire, UK
|publisher=Pen and Sword Books
|isbn=978-1-52672-651-3
}}
- {{Cite book
|last=Guttman
|first=Jon
|year=2012
|title=Naval Aces of World War 1 (part 2)
|series=Aircraft of the Aces
|volume=104
|language=en
|publisher=Osprey Publishing
|isbn=978-1-84908-664-6
}}
- {{cite journal |last1=Kudlicka|first1=Bohmuir|title=Post Scriptum: "Theo" Osterkamp et les Savoia-Marchetti S.73 tchécoslovaques |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |date=December 2004 |issue=141 |pages=42–45 |trans-title=Postscript: "Theo" Osterkamp and the Czech Savoia-Marchetti S.73s |language=fr |issn=1243-8650}}
- {{Cite book
|last1=Mathews
|first1=Andrew Johannes
|last2=Foreman
|first2=John
|year=2015
|title=Luftwaffe Aces – Biographies and Victory Claims – Volume 3 M–R
|location=Walton-on-Thames, UK
|publisher=Red Kite
|isbn=978-1-906592-20-2
}}
- {{Cite book
|last1=Prien
|first1=Jochen
|last2=Stemmer
|first2=Gerhard
|last3=Rodeike
|first3=Peter
|last4=Bock
|first4=Winfried
|year=2000a
|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 1—Vorkriegszeit und Einsatz über Polen—1934 bis 1939
|trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 1—Pre-War Period and Action over Poland—1934 to 1939
|language=de
|location=Eutin, Germany
|publisher=Struve-Druck
|isbn=978-3-923457-54-0
}}
- {{Cite book
|last1=Prien
|first1=Jochen
|last2=Stemmer
|first2=Gerhard
|last3=Rodeike
|first3=Peter
|last4=Bock
|first4=Winfried
|year=2000b
|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940
|trans-title=Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940
|language=de
|publisher=Struve-Druck
|isbn=978-3-923457-61-8
}}
- {{Cite book
|last1=Prien
|first1=Jochen
|last2=Stemmer
|first2=Gerhard
|last3=Rodeike
|first3=Peter
|last4=Bock
|first4=Winfried
|year=2002
|title=Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941
|trans-title=The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941
|language=de
|location=Eutin, Germany
|publisher=Struve-Druck
|isbn=978-3-923457-64-9
}}
- {{Cite book
|last=Scherzer
|first=Veit
|year=2007
|title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives
|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives
|language=de
|location=Jena, Germany
|publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag
|isbn=978-3-938845-17-2
}}
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|last=Sternal
|first=Bernd
|year=2019
|title=Harzer Persönlichkeiten: Lebensbilder
|trans-title=Harz Personalities: Life Pictures
|language=de
|volume=3
|publisher=Books on Demand
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMuGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24
|isbn=978-3-7481-9604-4
}}
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|last=Sumner
|first=Ian
|year=2005
|title=German Air Forces 1914–18
|series=Elite
|volume=135
|publisher=Osprey Publishing
|isbn=978-1-84176-924-0
}}
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|last1=Van Wyngarden
|first1=Greg
|last2=Franks
|first2=Norman
|author-link2=Norman Franks
|year=2004
|title=Fokker D VII Aces of World War 1 (part 2)
|series=Aircraft of the Aces
|volume=63
|publisher=Osprey Publishing
|isbn=978-1-84176-729-1
}}
- {{Cite book
|last=Weal
|first=John
|year=2006
|title= Jagdgeschwader 51 'Mölders'
|series=Aviation Elite Units
|volume=22
|publisher=Osprey Publishing
|isbn= 978-1-84603-045-1
}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|
before=none|
after=Major Werner Mölders|
title=Commander of Jagdgeschwader 51 Mölders|
years=25 November 1939 – 23 July 1940
}}
{{succession box|
before=unknown|
after=unknown|
title=Commander of Jagdfliegerführer 1|
years=22 July 1940 – 1 January 1941
}}
{{succession box|
before=Generalmajor Kurt-Bertram von Döring|
after=Oberst Joachim-Friedrich Huth|
title=Commander of Jagdfliegerführer 2|
years=1 December 1940 – 1 August 1941
}}
{{succession box|
before=General Stefan Fröhlich|
after=General Otto Hoffmann von Waldau|
title=Acting Commander of Fliegerführer Afrika|
years=April 1942 – 12 April 1942
}}
{{succession box|
before=none|
after=Generalleutnant Adolf Galland|
title=Commander of Jagdfliegerführer Sizilien|
years=5 April 1943 – 15 June 1943
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Recipients of the Pour le Mérite and Knight's Cross}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Subject bar
| portal1=Aviation
| portal2=Biography
| commons=y
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Osterkamp, Theo}}
Category:Luftwaffe World War II generals
Category:German World War I flying aces
Category:German World War II flying aces
Category:Military personnel from the Rhine Province
Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Category:Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
Category:20th-century Freikorps personnel
Category:Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class